saaxiibayaal runtu waa lama huraan beena inkastoo dadka isugu raaxeeyaan geedna ma gaadho
ninkaa feerakadilaaciye waa nin xikmad badan shakina ku jirin in uu aad u yaqaan islaamka ha yeeshee maadaama sida uu isaga sheegayba ka dib markuu soo taxay cilmi badan iyo xikmad runta waa la sheegaaye aanan aniga iyo inbadan oo halkaan ka habaartantay aynaana awoodin waa muuqatay waxa uu yahay islaamka
aniga waxan ahaa intuusan nuurka ii ifin nin feerakadilaaciye nin aad daacad u ah diinta muxamad laakiin markaa arkay muxamad waxa uu ahaa oo uu arinkaana ku mahadsan yahay feerakadilaaciye waxaan u dhaqmaa sida ugu haboon diina ogaaday in ay dadka xabisto ama ay mushkilad abuurto mooyee inaaysan nololi nina u sixin hadaba ugu danbayn waxan tahniyad u soo jeedinayaa feerakadilaaciye nuurka iyo runta uu gaaray
waxanan tacsi u soo jeedinayaa qof walboo ay diini runta kaga beegantahayoo ku indho beelay
feera kadilaaciyoow saaxib soomaalida aday ku sugayaane ka xoree xabiska muxamad binu cabdilaah ku xidhay
mahadsanidiin

New Muslims on the rise in US after Sept. 11
By P.K. Abdul Ghafour, Arab News Staff


JEDDAH, 3 November — Islam is a scientific religion and this is the main reason for an increasing number of Westerners coming to its fold, said Dr. Zakir Abdul Kareem Naik, president of the Bombay-based Islamic Research Foundation.


Delivering a lecture on “Why Westerners embrace Islam?” at King Fahd Hospital auditorium here on Friday night, Naik said Islam offers practical solutions to various problems facing the West such as adultery, alcoholism and filial ingratitude.


“Of more than 6,000 verses in the Holy Qur’an, some 1,000 speak on scientific facts,” Naik, a medical doctor and an expert in comparative religion, told Muslims and non-Muslims of various nationalities in the packed auditorium.

“It is the only religion that speaks to human intelligence, giving good reasoning and logic, and does not encourage blind faith,” the scholar said, extensively quoting from Qur’an.

The Time magazine has reported that about 60,000 books have been written in an attempt to discredit Islam over the past 150 years. However, Islam is the fastest growing religion in the West.

“Despite the strident anti-Islam campaign, 34,000 Americans have embraced the religion from September 2001 to July 2002,” he said, quoting the CNN television network. According to another report, 47,000 people have embraced Islam in the United States since Sept. 11, 2001. Women constitute 65 percent of the converts.

Hamoud Al-Shimamry, director of Islamic Education Foundation on Prince Majed Street in Jeddah, who presided over the function, said that there are 120 dawa centers in the Kingdom including six in Jeddah. Thousands of expatriate workers have embraced Islam thanks to the efforts of these centers over the years.

Dr. Naik said Islam enjoins its followers to pay due respect to their parents and be kind to them. “The teachings of Islam help its followers keep away from adultery,” he added.


In America, 2,700 rape cases take place daily, he said quoting an official US report.

Quoting a saying of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), Naik said alcohol is the mother of all evils. “Majority of rape cases and about eight percent of incest cases are committed under the influence of intoxication,” he said.

He also listed 15 severe health conditions caused by alcoholism. .

Speaking on the status of women in Islam, he said Islam has given them the most respectable position in society. “It granted them the right to own property 1,300 years before the West has. In an Islamic society, a woman need not work. It is her husband’s duty to look after her,” he pointed out.


wa xiligii is waydarka nebigeni shegay,kufartaay jawab walaidin shegay lakiin nimay shaidaan qataay cidina wax uma tarto ayandaro ayaa idinku dhacday.

ilahayow waxan dhalay iyo ehelkayaga sidaa hakadhigin kuwana ehelkoda ilahow uga raxee.

Waryaa muslimiinta ma waxaad mooday dad aan waxba kala garanayn, ruuxan hadana soo qoray qoraalka kore waa isla adigii oo ika dhigaya ruux kale , Rabi hakusoo hanuuniyo haduu hanuun kula doonay hadii kale Rabi haku hoojiyo haduusan hanuun kula diini. Wasalaamu calaa manitabacalhudaa. C/naasir DK

hahahahah saaxiib waa anigii feerakadilaaciye ahaa
waanad mahadsantahay
hadal iyo dhamaantiina waxaan kuu sheegayaa inaad tahay nin aragti cajiiba oo dheer leh waayo waxaad sheegtay wakaa kuligood habaartamaya laakiin ninkii diin aaminsan baa habaar ka baqa
saaxiib aniga iyo muxamadka islaamka sheegay ee muxamad bin cabdilaah bin cabdilmutaliba waanu naqaan waxa islaam yahay marka muxamad baa ka raayey dadkaanoo guursaday naago badan oo misana yiri waxan ahay nin barakaysan
saaxiibkay waad mahadsantahay igalana soo xiriir markaad doonto emailkayga
feerakadilaaciye@hotmail.com

ALGEBRA and TRIGNOMETRY - MUSLIMS INVENTED
January 2 2003 at 7:36 AM
No score for this post adeer (no login)


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ma ogtahay in Muslimku ay ahaayen kuwo xadaarad dheer kuleh dunida, bal eeg qoraalkii telefishinka loogu daawashada badan yahay Maraykanka iyo kanada waxa uu qoran qoraalkan

PBS, a well respectec TV from AMERICA writes as follows:

ALGEBRA and TRIGNOMETRY
Medieval Muslims made invaluable contributions to the study of mathematics, and their key role is clear from the many terms derived from Arabic. Perhaps the most famous mathematician was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (ca. 800-ca. 847), author of several treatises of earth-shattering importance. His book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, written about 825, was principally responsible for the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration (Arabic numerals) in the Islamic lands and the West.

Traditional systems had used different letters of the alphabet to represent numbers or cumbersome Roman numerals, and the new system was far superior, for it allowed people to multiply and divide easily and check their work. The merchant Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, who had learned about Arabic numerals in Tunis, wrote a treatise rejecting the abacus in favor of the Arab method of reckoning, and as a result, the system of Hindu-Arabic numeration caught on quickly in Central Italy. By the fourteenth century, Italian merchants and bankers had abandoned the abacus and were doing their calculations using pen and paper, in much the same way we do today.

In addition to his treatise on numerals, al-Khwarizmi also wrote a revolutionary book on resolving quadratic equations. These were given either as geometric demonstrations or as numerical proofs in an entirely new mode of expression. The book was soon translated into Latin, and the word in its title, al-jabr, or transposition, gave the entire process its name in European languages, algebra, understood today as the generalization of arithmetic in which symbols, usually letters of the alphabet such as A, B, and C, represent numbers. Al-Khwarizmi had used the Arabic word for "thing" (shay) to refer to the quantity sought, the unknown. When al-Khwarizmi's work was translated in Spain, the Arabic word shay was transcribed as xay, since the letter x was pronounced as sh in Spain. In time this word was abbreviated as x, the universal algebraic symbol for the unknown.

Robert of Chester's translation of al-Khwarzmi's treatise on algebra opens with the words dixit Algorithmi, "Algorithmi says." In time, the mathematician's epithet of his Central Asian origin, al-Khwarizmi, came in the West to denote first the new process of reckoning with Hindu-Arabic numerals, algorithmus, and then the entire step-by-step process of solving mathematical problems, algorithm.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoalgebra.html



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Islam: Empire of Faith
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:40 AM


Tiviga ugu caansan maraykanka ayaa sidan qoran:

Architecture

The art of building was popular in virtually all times and places in the Islamic lands, providing places of communal worship, social service, and stately residence. The most important type of religious building was the congregational mosque, which had to provide sufficient space for the Muslim community to gather for weekly worship on Friday at noon. Famous examples include, the Great Mosque in Damascus, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, and the Great Mosque (now the Cathedral) of Cordoba. Muslims also commissioned many other building types, ranging from small mosques to use for daily worship, such as the Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah in Isfahan, to madrasas, or religious schools, and commemorative structures, such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Like rulers everywhere, Muslims also commissioned great palaces, such as the Alhambra in Granada or the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. These universal types of buildings were erected using local materials and forms that suited the climate and geography. For example, builders in the Mediterranean region initially favored post-and-beam structures built of stone and decorated with mosaic, whereas builders in Iran and the eastern lands built arched and vaulted structures of brick decorated with plaster. Over time, Islamic civilization brought about the easy movement of artisans and led to the interchange of artistic ideas and techniques. Muslim patrons everywhere appreciated exuberant and colorful decoration. The extravagant use of color, particularly tiles, is one of the hallmarks of Islamic architecture.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/culturearch.html



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Re: Islam: Empire of Faith
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:44 AM


PBS oo hadalkiisii sii wata barnaamij aad u dheeraa wuxuu qoran sidan:

Literature

Literature is one of the arts most valued by Muslims. Medieval Muslims fostered the art known as adab, which came to imply the sum of intellectual knowledge that makes a man courteous and urbane. Based on pre-Islamic poetry, the art of oratory, and the historical and tribal tradition of the ancient Arabs, as well as the corresponding sciences of rhetoric, grammar, lexicography, and metrics, adab literature included long compilations of poetry, works for instruction, and manuals for princes meant to entertain sophisticated audiences.

Literature pitched at a more popular level was correspondingly broad, ranging from the legends of pre-Islamic poets to the stories epitomized by the Thousand and One Nights. In addition to works in Arabic, Muslims also fostered a thousand-year tradition of classical Persian poetry, ranging from short quatrains to long epics. With the spread of Islam to other regions, there has been a corresponding growth in literature in other languages, ranging from Swahili to Malay.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/cultureliterature.html

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ENGINEERING
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:50 AM

PBS oo filmkii dheeraa sii wata waxa uu qoran sidan, ogowna PBS waa TV aad caan uga ah adduunka.


ENGINEERING:

Medieval Muslim scientists often focused on practical matters, particularly hydraulic engineering, as water was always a precious resource in the arid lands where Islam traditionally flourished. Engineers designed various kinds of water-raising machines, some powered by animals, others powered by rivers and streams. The waterwheels along the Orontes River in Syria were used to irrigate until modern times. Watermills were used to grind corn and other grains, though in Iran water power was often supplemented or replaced by wind.

Bridges and dams were needed to channel water. In addition to the standard beam, cantilever and arch bridges, engineers also designed bridges of boats to span rivers. Dams were widely used to divert rivers into irrigation canals. Perhaps the most ingenious hydraulic technologies were the distribution networks of canals and qanats, subterranean aqueducts that sometimes carried water for hundreds of miles. Cisterns and underground ice-houses were used for storage. Various instruments were used to measure water flow, and the Nilometer built in 861-62 still stands on Rawda Island in Cairo.

In addition to these machines and technologies related to water, Muslim engineers also designed several types of siege engines, notably the traction and the counterweight trebuchet. Their ingenuity is clear from the many kinds of fine machines they also perfected, ranging from clocks and automata to fountains. Some were meant for practical purposes but others were designed for amusement or aesthetic enjoyment, and their components and techniques were of great importance for the development of machine technology.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoengineering.html



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ASTRONOMY
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:53 AM

PBS oo sii wata qoraalkii uu kaga hadlayey Muslimiinta waxa uu qoran sidan:

astronomy

As in the other sciences, astronomers in the Muslim lands built upon and greatly expanded earlier traditions. At the House of Knowledge founded in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph Mamun, scientists translated many texts from Sanskrit, Pahlavi or Old Persian, Greek and Syriac into Arabic, notably the great Sanskrit astronomical tables and Ptolemy's astronomical treatise, the Almagest. Muslim astronomers accepted the geometrical structure of the universe expounded by Ptolemy, in which the earth rests motionless near the center of a series of eight spheres, which encompass it, but then faced the problem of reconciling the theoretical model with Aristotelian physics and physical realities derived from observation.

Some of the most impressive efforts to modify Ptolemaic theory were made at the observatory founded by Nasir al-Din Tusi in 1257 at Maragha in northwestern Iran and continued by his successors at Tabriz and Damascus. With the assistance of Chinese colleagues, Muslim astronomers worked out planetary models that depended solely on combinations of uniform circular motions. The astronomical tables compiled at Maragha served as a model for later Muslim astronomical efforts. The most famous imitator was the observatory founded in 1420 by the Timurid prince Ulughbeg at Samarkand in Central Asia, where the astronomer Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi worked out his own set of astronomical tables, with sections on diverse computations and eras, the knowledge of time, the course of the stars, and the position of the fixed stars. Essentially Ptolemaic, these tables have improved parameters and structure as well as additional material on the Chinese Uighur-calendar. They were widely admired and translated even as far away as England, where John Greaves, professor at Oxford, called attention to them in 1665.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innoastronomy.html

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MEDICINE
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:55 AM

PBS oo ka hadlayey sida ay Muslimiintu u yihiin kuwo bilaabay cilmiyo casri ku ah caafimaadka wuxuu qoran sidan:


medicine

Medieval Muslims revolutionized the science and practice of medicine, as physicians began to question the medical traditions inherited from both East and West and distinguish one disease from another. For example, Ibn al-Haytham (ca. 965-1039), the so-called "father of optics," explained how human vision takes place by integrating physical, mathematical, experimental, physiological, and psychological considerations. His treatise had an enormous impact on all later writers on optics, both in the Muslim world and through a medieval Latin translation in the West. Similarly, the great Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288), discovered the minor, or pulmonary, circulation of the blood. Ibn Sina (980-1037), known in the West as Avicenna, synthesized Aristotelian and later Greek theories with his own original views, and his Canon of Medicine became the most famous medical book in the East or West, translated at least 87 times.

Muslims also expanded the practice of medical schools and hospitals. The Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid used the Sasanian academy of Jundishapur in southwestern Iran as his model when he founded his own hospital in Baghdad (ca. 800). Hospitals were soon established throughout the empire. They were staffed by dozens of specialists, from physiologists, oculists, and surgeons, to bonesetters. They even had special wards for the mentally ill and separate wings for men and women. These hospitals were often incorporated into large charitable foundations and were supported by endowments made by powerful and wealthy individuals. One of the most famous was that founded by the Mamluk sultan Qalawun in Cairo. In addition, traveling clinics and dispensaries provided services to rural areas.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innomedicine.html

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PAPER and PUBLISHING
No score for this post January 2 2003, 7:58 AM


PBS oo ka hadlayey waraaqada iyo daabacaada waxa uu qoran sidan:

PAPRE and PUBLISHING

Muslims were responsible for the transfer of papermaking from China, where it had been invented in the centuries before Christ, to Europe, where it fueled the print revolution in the late fifteenth century. Muslims encountered paper when they conquered Central Asia in the eighth century. Paper quickly supplanted papyrus (which was made only in Egypt) and parchment (which was made from animal skins), for it could be made virtually anywhere from rags and waste fibers. Although it was not cheap, paper had the great advantage of being difficult to erase, an important consideration when documents and records had to be secure from forgery. The use of paper soon spread from government offices to all segments of society. By the middle of the ninth century the Papersellers' Street in Baghdad had more than one hundred shops in which paper and books were sold.

Medieval Islamic society had a paper economy, where both wholesale and retail merchants conducted commerce on credit. Orders of payment, the equivalent of modern checks (the Persian word sakk is the origin of our word "check"), were drawn in amounts upwards from one dinar (a gold coin roughly equivalent to half a month's salary). By the ninth century paper was used for copying scientific and other types of utilitarian texts, although it took longer for Muslims to accept the use of paper as a fitting support for God's word. The first paper manuscript of the Koran to survive dates from 972, but from this date paper soon became standard for all books. Medieval Islamic libraries had hundreds of thousands of volumes far outstripping the relatively small monastic and university libraries in the West.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/innopaper.html



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NEBI MUHAMMAD (scw)
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:01 AM

PBS oo ka hadlayey Nebi muxamad waxa uu qoran sidan:


MUHAMMAD

Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca around the year 570. Orphaned before he had reached the age of six, he was raised under the protection of his uncle Abu Talib. Muhammad began working as a merchant and became known for his trustworthiness.

When he was about twenty-five, he married Khadija, a wealthy widow whose status elevated Muhammad's position in Meccan society. Muhammad and Khadija had four daughters and two sons, both of whom died in infancy. About fifteen or twenty years after his marriage, he began to have visions and hear mysterious voices. He sought solitude in a cave on Mount Hira on the outskirts of Mecca. One night during Ramadan, the traditional month of spiritual retreat, when Muhammad was about forty years old, an angel appeared to him in the form of a man and ordered him to;

Recite in the name of thy lord who created,
Created man from a clot;
Recite in the name of thy lord,
Who taught by the pen,
Taught man what he knew not.

Muhammad, fearing that he was being attacked by an evil spirit, fled down the mountain in terror. The voice called after him, "O Muhammad, you are the messenger of God, and I am the angel Gabriel." This revelation was soon followed by others about the one true God. Eventually, the angel told Muhammad to begin proclaiming God's message.

Muhammad slowly began to attract some followers, most of them young and of modest social standing, including his cousin Ali, the son of his uncle and protector Abu Talib. When Muhammad began to impugn the traditional polytheism of his native town, the rich and powerful merchants of Mecca realized that the religious revolution taking place under their noses might be disastrous for business, which was protected by the Meccan pantheon of gods and goddesses. The ruling elite ganged up against Muhammad and his followers, and began to persecute them. A few Meccans began to accept Muhammad's message, while other members of his clan came to support their kinsman out of family loyalty, even if they did not yet believe in his cause.

Muhammad's position in Mecca became hopeless when his wife Khadija and uncle Abu Talib died in quick succession. In 622 the local rulers of Mecca forced Muhammad and his small band of followers to leave the city. Muhammad accepted an invitation to settle in the oasis of Yathrib, located some eleven days (280 miles) north by camel, for the oasis had been nearly torn apart by wars between the clans, of which many were Jewish.

Muhammad's hegira from Mecca marks the beginning of a new polity. For the first time in Arabia members of a community were bound together not by the traditional ties of clan and tribe but by their shared belief in the one true God. Later believers, looking back on this event, recognized its seminal importance by designating it as the first year of their new era. In further recognition of this great event, the oasis of Yathrib came to be called Medina, "the city [of the Prophet]."

Muhammad, surrounded by his followers, lived in Medina for ten years, slowly winning over converts. Muhammad made repeated attempts to attract the Jews to his cause, for example, he directed that believers worship like the Jews in the direction of Jerusalem. Ultimately these attempts failed, and henceforth Muslims prayed in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca. Muhammad's native town, which had long been a center of paganism, thereby became the center of the true religion, the focal point of the believers' daily prayer, and eventually the object of their annual pilgrimage.

Raiding and warfare were the primary economic activities of the new community in Medina, and the rich caravans organized by the Quraysh of Mecca were particularly attractive targets. In 628, Muhammad finally negotiated a truce with the Meccans and in the following year returned as a pilgrim to the city's holy sites. The murder of one of his followers provoked him to attack the city, which soon surrendered. Muhammad acted generously to the Meccans, demanding only that the pagan idols around the Kaaba be destroyed. Muhammad's prestige grew after the surrender of the Meccans. Embassies from all over Arabia came to Medina to submit to him. Muhammad's extraordinary life and career were cut short by his sudden death on June 8, 632, aged about sixty, less than a decade since he had set off from Mecca with his small band of followers.

Muslims to this day revere Muhammad as the embodiment of the perfect believer and take his actions and sayings as a model of ideal conduct. Unlike Jesus, who Christians believe was God's son, Muhammad was a mortal, albeit with extraordinary qualities. Today many Muslims believe that it is wrong to represent Muhammad, but this was not always the case. At various times and places pious Muslims represented Muhammad although they never worshipped these images.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilesmuhammed.html



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ALLAH
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:03 AM

PBS oo qoraaladiisa waxaa kamid ah kan soo socda:


GOD

For Muslims, God is unique and without equal. They attempt to think and talk about God without either making Him into a thing or a projection of the human self. The Koran avoids this by constantly shifting pronouns to discourage believers from inadvertently reifying God and creating any physical image of Him.

God is known in Arabic as Allah to distinguish Him from ilah, which could refer to any of the gods once worshiped in Arabia. Just as one might say in English that the French or Germans worship God, not Dieu or Gott, so one should properly say that Muslims worship God, not Allah, which is simply the word for God (with a capital G) in the Arabic language. Giving a different name to the one God worshipped by the followers of Muhammad erroneously implies that their God is different from the one God worshipped by Jews or Christians.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html


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FIVE PILLARS
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:08 AM

Adeer tana PBS ayaa qortay e bal qabso:


Belief (Iman)

The first Pillar of Islam is for the believer to testify, in Arabic, that "There is no god but God and that Muhammad is His messenger." This phrase, known as the shahada, (sha-HEH-da) or Profession of Faith, is central to Islam, for it affirms both God's oneness and the central role of the Prophet. The shahada appears in daily life in many different ways, from being proclaimed in the call to prayer to being inscribed on flags and coins. In contrast to the Judeo-Christian tradition, which exhorts believers not to take the Lord's name in vain, Muslims constantly call on God by name in all sorts of situations. For example, when beginning any activity, one might say bismillah ("in the name of God") or when admiring something, one might say al-hamdu lillah ("praise be to God").

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Worship (Salat)

The second Pillar of Islam is to worship God five times a day — at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall. To do so, the believer washes according to a particular ritual and prostrates himself or herself on the ground in the direction of Mecca, while reciting certain phrases. This rite takes only a few minutes to perform and can be done anywhere.

Worshippers are summoned to prayer by a muezzin, who calls the faithful together by saying:

God is Great (four times)
I testify that there is no god but God (twice)
I testify that Muhammad is God's messenger (twice)
Come to prayer (twice),
Come to salvation (twice)
God is Great (twice)
There is no god but God.

For the dawn prayer, the muezzin adds, after the second "Come to salvation," the phrase "Prayer is better than sleep" twice.

Muslims believe that the call to prayer by the human voice distinguishes Islam from Judaism, which uses the shofar, or ram's horn, and Christianity, which uses the bell. The first muezzin was Bilal, a Black Abyssinian slave who was one of the first converts to Islam.

In addition to the five daily prayers, all male believers are enjoined to gather together on Friday for the noon prayer and listen to a sermon, called a khutba in Arabic, by the leader of the community. The rules for women's attendance at Friday worship have varied over time and place. In many places today, women also attend Friday worship, although they are segregated from the men and pray behind, beside or above them. As the ruler's name is traditionally invoked in the sermon, the khutba became an important sign of the ruler's authority.

=======
Fasting (Sawm)

The third Pillar of Islam is to abstain from food and drink, as well as smoking and sex, between sunrise and sunset during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month in the Muslim calendar.

Abstinence during Ramadan brings Muslims to greater awareness of God's presence and helps them acknowledge their gratitude for God's provisions in their lives. It serves to heighten a sense of community among believers as Muslims around the world join together in the performance of this ritual.

The Arabic word ramadan comes from a root meaning "to be hot" and suggests that the month originally fell in the summer. But following the Islamic lunar calendar, the month of fasting can come at any time during the year.

To distinguish themselves from the Jews, Christians and pagan Arabs, Muslims measure their year by the cycles of the moon rather than the sun, so the Muslim lunar year is eleven days shorter than the Christian solar year. Muslims are forbidden to adjust their year by adding an extra month, as the Jews do to keep their lunar calendar in synch with the seasons. Hence, the months of the Muslim year do not relate to the seasons.

The Ramadan fast starts at dawn, defined as the moment when the human eye can distinguish a white thread from a black one, and ends at dusk, when the eye is again no longer able to distinguish the difference. The end of the month of Ramadan is always marked by a feast, known as the Id al-Fitr, or break-fast feast.

======

Almsgiving (Zakat)

The fourth Pillar of Islam is to give alms to the poor. Muslims are supposed to donate a fixed amount of their property to charity every year.

Many pious individuals, from the mightiest rulers to modest merchants, give money to help out the less-fortunate by establishing soup kitchens, hospitals, schools, libraries, mosques, and the like. One of the most common forms of charity in medieval Islamic cities was to establish a public drinking fountain, where fresh, sweet water was distributed freely to all passers-by. Such a drinking fountain was commonly known as a sabil, from the common Arabic expression fi sabil allah, literally meaning "in the path of God" and referring to doing something for God charitably or disinterestedly.

=====
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
The fifth Pillar of Islam is to undertake the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime, if one is able, during the first days of Dhu'l-Hijja, the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar.

People who have performed this pilgrimage, called in Arabic hajj, earn the epithet hajji, which is a title of great respect. Before entering Mecca, the pilgrim dons a special garment made of two seamless white cloths. The ceremonies of the pilgrimage are associated with the prophet Abraham and center on the Kaaba, which Muslims believe to be the house that Abraham erected for God.

The pilgrimage then moves to Arafat, a plain some 12 miles east of the city, where the ceremonies culminate on the tenth day of the month in the Feast of the Sacrifices. Livestock is sacrificed in commemoration of Abraham's readiness to offer his son Ismail, and the meat is distributed to the poor. This event is also known as the Great Feast, and it usually lasts three or four days.

In contrast to the spontaneous cheer with which people celebrate the end of Ramadan, the celebration of the Great Feast is a more solemn holiday. Although a visit to the Prophet's mosque and gravesite in Medina is not an official part of the pilgrimage, most pilgrims include it in their trip.


http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpillars.html


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Quraan and Tradition
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:10 AM

The two foundations of Muslim faith are God's revelations to Muhammad, known as the Koran, from the Arabic word Qur'an, or "recitation"; and the reports about Muhammad's life and deeds, which are known as the hadith, from the Arabic word for "report." The central miracle of Islam is God's revelation to Muhammad, whose human fallibilities as a mere mortal are repeatedly mentioned in the Koran.

The revelations that comprise the Koran were revealed over a period of more than two decades in two places. The first revelations from the period of Muhammad's residence in Mecca are short and incantatory verses of extraordinary poetic beauty. The later revelations from the period after Muhammad immigrated to Medina are longer, legalistic texts appropriate to a developing community of believers in need of rules and regulations.

Muhammad and his followers initially committed the revelations to memory, but as these revelations grew in number and complexity, some were probably written down on whatever materials were at hand. After the Prophet died, his followers were pressed to preserve the purity of the revelations and began to write down as many of them as possible. According to the traditional view, a uniform written text of the revelations to Muhammad was collected and collated some twenty years after his death.

The Koran as a book is comparable in length to the Gospels. It contains 114 chapters (each called in Arabic a sura) of varying length. It opens with the Fatiha, a beautiful short prayer that serves as an invocation in many situations;

In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate
Praise belongs to God, Lord of all Being
the All-merciful, the All-compassionate
the Master of the Day of Doom
Thee only we serve; to Thee alone we pray for succor
Guide us in the straight path
the path of those whom Thou hast blessed,
not of those against whom Thou art wrathful
nor of those who are astray.

The other chapters of the Koran follow in descending order of length, from the 286 verses of the second chapter, known as "The Cow," to the final two chapters, which are short prayers of a few lines. The chapters are thus arranged neither in the order in which the verses were revealed nor in a narrative sequence.

The Koran, as God's literal word, can only be comprehended in the majestic and glorious Arabic language in which it was revealed. The necessity of reading the Koran in Arabic has meant that all believers should learn the language in order to understand the scriptures. This requirement has created a linguistic bond among believers, particularly as Islam spread beyond the boundaries of Arabia to regions inhabited by speakers of other languages. Having learned to use Arabic as the language of religion, the new converts also used it as a language of literature, science, commerce and social intercourse.

The primacy of Arabic as the language of God's revelation has also helped to preserve the purity of the Arabic language, for Muslims constantly call to mind the noble and magnificent words and phrases of the Koran. Although the Arabic language has evolved over the fourteen centuries since the Koran was revealed, it has not changed as much as English has changed in the six centuries since the time of Chaucer. Finally, the primacy of the Arabic language has encouraged the spread and use of the Arabic script, which is known and used from the shores of the Atlantic to the Pacific to render a variety of languages, including Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Kashmiri, Urdu, Sindhi, Ottoman Turkish, Chaghatay, and Malay.

The second basis of Muslim faith is the example of the Prophet. As the perfect Muslim, Muhammad served and still serves as the model for all believers. His sayings and deeds were remembered by his associates and preserved in the Traditions, known in Arabic as hadith. These Traditions normally take the form of a chain ("So-and-so heard from so-and-so, who heard from so-and-so, that the Prophet said [or did]"), followed by a report of what the Prophet said or did.

The Traditions came to be considered second in authority to the Koran and also help explain and elaborate the circumstances under which obscure passages in the Koran were revealed. The Traditions were transmitted orally for several generations before being written down, beginning in the eighth century. By the ninth century the jurist al-Shafii (d. 820) came to consider the sunna, or custom of the Prophet, the second most important root of Islamic jurisprudence after the Koran. Together the Koran and the Traditions, along with consensus and analogy, make up the sharia, the rules and regulations that govern the day-to-day lives of Muslims.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithkoran.html


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EHULU KITAABKA
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:11 AM

tana qabso:

People of the Book


Muslims believe that God had previously revealed Himself to the earlier prophets of the Jews and Christians, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Muslims therefore accept the teachings of both the Jewish Torah and the Christian Gospels. They believe that Islam is the perfection of the religion revealed first to Abraham (who is considered the first Muslim) and later to other prophets. Muslims believe that Jews and Christians have strayed from God's true faith but hold them in higher esteem than pagans and unbelievers. They call Jews and Christians the "People of the Book" and allow them to practice their own religions. Muslims believe that Muhammad is the "seal of the prophecy," by which they mean that he is the last in the series of prophets God sent to mankind. Muslims abhor the followers of later prophets. This attitude serves to explain the extreme Muslim animosity toward Bahais, followers of a nineteenth-century prophet, who in the Muslim mind is false.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html



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ISLAM TODAY
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:13 AM

Tani waa PBS qoraalkeedii ee bal qabso


ISLAM TODAY



Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's fastest growing religion and will soon be the world's largest. The 1.2 billion Muslims make up approximately one quarter of the world's population, and the Muslim population of the United States now outnumbers that of Episcopalians. The most populous Muslim countries are Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. The number of Muslims in Indonesia alone (175 million) exceeds the combined total in Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran, the traditional heartlands of Islam. There are also substantial Muslim populations in Europe and North America, whether converts or immigrants who began arriving in large numbers in the 1950s and 1960s. In keeping with tradition, the two main branches of Islam today are Sunni and Shiite.

Beginning in the 1970s and 1980s Islam remerged as a potent political force, associated with both reform and revolution. Given the large number of adherents, it is no surprise that Muslims incorporate a broad and diverse spectrum of positions in regard to liberalism and democracy. Some are secularists who want to disengage religion from politics. Others are reformers, who reinterpret Islamic traditions in support of elective forms of government. Still there are others who reject democracy entirely.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html


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HALKAAS WAXAA KAAGA SOO BAXAY
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:22 AM

In Islaamku weligiis lahaa xadaarad soo jireen ah, isla markaana hadda leeyahay xadaradaas, oo weliba aad loogu qiimeeyo ayaa siweyn uga muuqata qoraaladaas sare ee PBS.

Hadaba qofkii indhaha isqabanayaa isaga ayey u taal, laakiin waxaa muuqata halkaas in ay ka iftiintay arin weligeedba iftiin ahayd, qofkii Allah xaqa seejiyona taas arki maayo.

Intaas markaan isku soo daray waxaan dhehi lahaa qof maalindhoweyd aan meeshaan ku arkay oo aan u arkay in inta qol lagu xirtay, isagoo jaahil ah oo aan wax xadaarad lahayn oo xoogaa carabi ah lasoo baray isu qaatay shiikhii gaalada in uu arko sida masiixiyiinta cilmiga yaqaan ay Islaamka ugu qirsan yihiin xadaaradaas waadax ah.

Waxaa la sheegi jirey kuwo inta qol lagu xiro la sunto oo aan ba garanayn waxa loo suntay, laakiin markay sii ogaadaan sabata loo suntay inay tahay in aysan badinimada ka bixin si haddii marka ay dhintaan loo arko calaamada marka la isku dayo in meydkooda sida Islaamka loo maydro, mase waaba calaamadsan yihiin, laa inta ay jaahilka yihiin ayaa laga faa'iidaystey, oo hadhow markay runta arkaan waxay ka baqayaan in markale la ceebeeyo.

Adeer xusuuso in Islaamku yihiin kuwo xadaarad dheer, cilmi leh, sayniska, injineeriyada, daawada, artiska, iwm.

Ninkii Allah toosiyo ayaa toosan, Qofkii Allah wanaag la doonono diintuu fahamsiiyaa.

Adeer waa kukaas

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MAXAA KUU BAXAY
No score for this post January 2 2003, 8:23 AM

Iftiinkii ma aragtay, Islaamku in uu yahay diin qoto dheer, xadaarad leh, cilmi buuxsatey, Allahan difaacayo ma u jeedaan.

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Jazaa kallah kheyr
No score for this post January 2 2003, 9:03 AM

Salaanta islaamka korkaada ha ahaato midka inoo soo uruuriyey inagana difaacey kii qolka lagu xirtey aduun iyo aakhirana laga xirey. wa jazaa kalah kheyr aduunyo iyo aakhiraba ilaaheyna ha kuu siyaadiyo aqoontaada iyo ku camalfakeedana ilah ha kuugu hanuuniyo ilaahna kaaga yeelo qoraalkaada kuwo ay ku soo hanuunaan kuwa baadiyeysan una sabab noqota hanuunkooda iyo ku cibriqaadashaba.
Wa bilaahi towfiiq.