any body have any idea about this

Mongols from Central Asia. They were excellent fighters on horses. Nearly destroyed the Western Roman Empire under their leader Atilla.

=====================================================================
You don't know the power of Chinese Propaganda unless you meet HBN2025 and QQ007.

Whatever happens, The US has white chicks, and China does not. -KingOfEngland commenting on speculation that China will surpass the US in 2025.
Is it not ironic that we get angry at our Gov't when the Gov't does nothing to protect us but we get MORE angry at our Gov't when they actually do something to protect us.

People say terrorists' objective is to reduce our freedoms... wrong. Terrorists couldn't care less about us having less freedoms or not, it makes no sense since us having less freedoms would make them more hard to strike. What they do care is that we live or die, not our rights.

People say that many people have died for the Freedoms we are having today and we shouldn't take them off, even for temporarily, but the question is, are you willing to die for your freedoms? If so, then we have won against terrorists because we are now willing to die, thus the terrorists' most potent weapon, terror, is immune to us.

black huns of europe had probably a turkic leadership and a hugric base in their "mongolic" component, they were not mongols (known as Xien-pi during that time)
and they fought as horse-archers
but if you considere the whole attilian empire/confederation they were no more than 20-25% and the difference were mainly germans and iranics

the most notorious huns of history were Motun/Maodun, Attila, Toranama and V.I. Ulianov (aka Lenin)

I do not mention about red and white huns which lived in central asia, iran and india

The white Huns were an Iranic people with a nomadic lifestyle and were warriors. They had some Turkic blood as well.

They were known as Hephthalites in the Eastern Roman Empire and Iran and Hunas in India.

They attacked Constaninople, but later allied with the Byzantines against the Ssasanians of Iran and drove the ShahanShah from Iran many times. Eventually the Sassanians defeated them and they turned their eyes towards India.

They invaded and overwhelmed the remanants of the Kushan Empire and later destroyed the Gupta Empire of and captured all of North India.

The two famous kings were Toramana and Mihirkula. They were known for their hatred of Buddhism and it was they who put an end to Gandhara Buddhism.

They originally followed a primitive form of Zoroastrianism mixed with Shamanism, but later mostly baecame Hindus. The Jatts and Rajputs are the descendents of the Sakas(Scythians) and the Hunas(Hephthalites).

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

just so you know, these ****ers were driven out of asia into europe by chinese... yeah, that's all you need to know, one more thing, we have the most comprehensive written records on these phuckers tooo....l1o1l111o11111l1o1l

if you are really interested, google up "XiongNu", ...l1o1l1o1l1ol11l

---------------
One of them "China experts" wrote:

"Talk about being blinded by bias. Thirty years ago China's improving economy helped to pressure Nixon to recognize China and begin the process of normalizing relations"

I thougt the Huns were the guys wearing the pointy helmets in WWI...

the ones with pickelhelm were known as "huns" only because kaiser willy said them they would act as huns in one of his speaches

It's shame people are so ignorant, the Huns are a Turkic tribe. Even the name Attila is a pure Turkic word. Also whats with the Huns were Iranic? They have absolutely nothing to do with Iranic people,lol.

Btw it's true the Huns left Central Asia cause of the Chinese as Hawkssss said but he forgot to say was the Huns kicked Han ass for long centuries. (no offence my Chinese friend )

---




They dance tsifte-teli, sit on lounges, drink coffee & ouzo and eat feta, doner, dolmades, baklava, mezes, tzatziki, imam-baildi, souvlaki, moussakas etc.

Is Feta enough to make one Greek?

Turkey: The Sixteen Great Turkish Empires

The Great Hun Empire (Büyük Hün İmparatorluğu); 204 BC - 216 AD
The Western Hun Empire (Batı Hün İmparatorluğu); 48 - 216 AD
The European Hun Empire (Avrupa Hün İmparatorluğu); 375 - 454
The White Hun Empire (Ak Hün İmparatorluğu); 420 - 552
The Göktürk Empire (Göktürk İmparatorluğu); 552 - 743
The Avar Empire (Avar İmparatorluğu); 562 - 796
The Hazar Empire (Hazar İmparatorluğu); 602 - 1016
The Uygur State (Uygur Devleti); 740 - 1335
The Karahan (Karahanlılar); 932 - 1212
The Gazneli (Gazneliler); 962 - 1183
The Great Seljuk Empire (Büyük Selçuk İmparatorluğu); 1040 - 1157
The Harzemshah (Harzemşahlar); 1077 - 1231
The Golden Horde (Altınordu Devleti); 1224 - 1502
The Great Timur Empire (Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu); 1369 - 1501
The Babür Empire (Babür İmparatorluğu); 1526 - 1858
The Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu); 1299 - 1922

---






They dance tsifte-teli, sit on lounges, drink coffee & ouzo and eat feta, doner, dolmades, baklava, mezes, tzatziki, imam-baildi, souvlaki, moussakas etc.

Is Feta enough to make one Greek?

"It's shame people are so ignorant, the Huns are a Turkic tribe. Even the name Attila is a pure Turkic word. Also whats with the Huns were Iranic? They have absolutely nothing to do with Iranic people,lol."

A proto-turkic people may be
more exactly a steppes' confederation of tribes, not a single tribe so the member ones were of different origin both caucasians and mongolics and mixed
such a confederation was built around a turkic core but included iranics, tokharians, germans, slavs, hugro-fins etc
do you not know turcs are exogamic, then ?
In particular the "turkic" or mongolic core of white huns was composed from a tiny leadership of eurasian proto-turks (the "ruling or dominant or sovereign clans", do you know about osmanli family ? do you know the history of steppes' organization ?) and a mass of hugrics (which weren't turks but related to finns and magyars which are western ural-altajic nations)enlisted in Ural areas.
according with most recent authors (Bona. Les Huns, Paris)the mongolic/turkic component of the black huns confederation was 20-25%
think of a confederation of more than 25-60 tribes/nations !!!!
the most part of those western huns tribes were germans( goths, vandals etc)and iranics (sarmatians, alans, schityans etc)and may be caucasians too


"Btw it's true the Huns left Central Asia cause of the Chinese as Hawkssss said but he forgot to say was the Huns kicked Han ass for long centuries. (no offence my Chinese friend )"

the main cause was corruption and decadence amongst huns leaders(I'm speaking now of original east asian huns or Xiong-nu) and conspiration with chinese with consequence of civil war
the chinese military action worked in this situation
the direct cause of dissolution of the Xiong-nu confederation/empire was really the military defeat by the new born proto-mongol confederation of the Xien-bi or Hsien-pi
the defeated "turk" old-huns "sovereign clans" escaped to the urals and in central asia were they rebuilt their force with new local tribes
this means iranics (mainly schytians/sakas) and tokharians in central asia
initially hugric near urals ansd then slavs, finns, western iranics and germans

I hope to have been clear for you

Huns were turkic

See this web site with information about their language:

http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/FeaturesEurope/BarbarianHuns.htm



Although in the past the Huns are thought to have been Mongolian emigrants, it is far more likely that they were of Turkic origin. This point has been repeated by thousands of historians, sinologists, turcologists, altaistics, and other researchers. Let me try to state how this idea began with Sinology researchers.
Sinology research in Europe
While the Mongol Empire was in the ascendancy, the power of the Catholic Church seemed to be fading, and the power of the Pope was somewhat shaky. At the same time, the Mongols opened the eastern roads for travel, and the Pope decided that there were now so many evident non-Christians that his power in the West was under severe threat. If he could convert these non-Christians he could regain power. As a result, Jesuit missionaries started to head east. Before spreading Christianity, they researched Chinese beliefs. They examined Chinese history and philosophy. There were some missioners who stayed twenty or thirty years in China, and built up healthy relations with Chinese scholars. They also started to translate Chinese books about both history and philosophy into Western languages. The first translations were made in Portuguese. Then this was translated to the other languages; Spanish, Italian and French. So the West started to learn about China from these Jesuit missionaries.
Sin means China in Latin and Sinology means “sciences of China." Sinology mainly started with these translations in the sixteenth century, and Turk history became part of this study. Later, the number of Sinology studies increased with many travellers from the West heading to China. The book written by de Guinness in the eighteenth century is accepted as one of the important collected studies about Turkish history. De Guinness did not know Chinese but he wrote the history of the Turks, Mongols and Tartars by using Jesuit missionaries' translations. It was printed under the name of “General History of Turks, Tatars and Mongols.”
All the information obtained to this point by the researchers showed that the Huns were of Turkic origin. We learn nearly all our current knowledge on the Huns from the information left to us by their contemporary neighbours.
For example. It is pretty definite that their language was Turkic. Chinese annals reveals that the Hunnic language was very close to that of the Töles, a Turkic tribe. The Byzantine Empire said that the language of the Huns was the same as the languages of the Bulgars, Avars, Szeklers (the last of whom were descended from the European Huns themselves - Ed.) and other tribes which were flooding into Eastern Europe from Central Asia. The historians of that period accepted that these Turkic-speaking tribes were no different from the Huns because their languages were the same.
There are many words written in Chinese chronicles which were used by Huns in daily life. These are Turkic words. K Shiratoriy, reading a Hunnic sentence which has survived to the present day, has proven that it is Turkic. Hunnic-runic writings belonging to European Huns in Cafcasia [sic] has been read and has been proven to be of Turkic origin.
One area for backing up this claim is that of Hunnic names. It is difficult to explain the names belonging to Asian Huns because of fact that they were translated into Chinese in the form of Chinese names. The meanings of the names of European Huns can be comfortably explained in Turkish. One of the most striking features related to European Hunnic names is that they can't be explained by any language but Turkish. Some of the names belonged to the German language due to cultural interaction, but the majority of them were Turkish.
I will try to explain some of these:
(a famous hunnic leader) Balamir = Bala (child, kid) + Mir (king)
(the son of Attila) Dengizik = sea storm
(a general) Oniki, known to Europeans as Onegesios, = the number 12
(the son of Attila) Csaba = shepherd
(a Hunnic leader) Atakam = Ata (grandfather, father), Kam = the person who is responsible for the religious rituals (in shamanism)
Eskam = Es = couple + Kam = (as above)
Aybars = Ay = moon (and also the colour white in Turkish) + Bars (or Pars) = leopard, or a wild animal
The author W Bang has proven the name of Attila's wife was Arikan in Turkish in the result on his researches.
Some Hunnish Words


English
GOD
POLITICAL POWER
GIRL
WOMAN
HORSETAIL
MAGIC
ARMY
IRANIAN
GO
WOLF
STRONG/THICK
SWORD
COUNTRY


Hunnish
TENGRI*
KUT
KIZ
KATUN
TUG
BÜYÜ
ORDA
TAT
BAR
BÖRI
TOK
KILIÇ
EL

Turkish
TENGRI
KUT
KIZ
KATUN/KADIN/HATUN
TUG
BÜYÜ
ORDA/ORDU
TAT
BAR
BÖRI/KURT
TOK
KILIÇ
EL


* Tengri also means "God" or "Heaven" in Mongolian.
However, there are many names and captions belonging to Hunnish leaders which were written down in a document at Duro-Eropas, a border castle in Doma which was captured by the Persians in 260 BC. These names and captions are Turkish names and captions.
Aramaic writing in present-day Georgia appeared in the period following the Huns' penetration into the Caucuses. This writing was also used by the Bulgars. It is estimated that this writing was proto-Turkic and appeared before the Orkhun inscriptions in Mongolia.
A book written by Gyula Nemeth, the world famous Hungarian historian is recommended for further reading on this subject, and will greatly expand on this short feature. There are many Turkology institutes which study on the origins of the Turks in many European countries from Denmark and Germany to Russia and Japan. All of these contain a great number of resources regarding the origin of the Huns.
As stated, many sources claim the Huns were of Mongol origin, since European Huns were somewhat mongoloid in appearance. Some historians also accept Turks as Mongols. All of these views are somewhat back-to-front. The Chinese annals say the Mongols always lived to the east of the lands in which the Huns dwelt. The Mongols originate from what is now known as Manchuria.
The Mongol Empire was based on Turkic elements rather than Mongol elements. The governing structure of the empire was based on Turkic ideas of governing. The official language of the Mongol Empire was Uigrian, which is a Turkic language. Eighteen Turkish tribes played an important role in the founding of the Mongol Empire. There are many more examples that show the effects of Turkic elements on the Mongol Empire.
For example, the Indian Moghal Empire was established by Turks. But many scholars still hold the belief that the Moghals were of Mongol origin. The truth is that the language of the Moghals was Turkic, and that the founders of this empire were proud of being Turk.
You can come across many researchers who say the Huns are a nation whose origin is still mystery. When you look at bibliographies on internet sites you will see that those sites have referenced the work of historians such as McGovern and Haelfen-Manchen, but these sites don't say these authors already accept the Huns as Turkic. Haelfen-Manchen accepts that Asiatic Huns were in fact of Turkic origin and says that their language was also Turkic, but he raises an objection by adding that, in his view, European Huns are not descended from Asiatic Huns.
I don't know the reason for it but many European researchers still seem not to accept that Attila's Huns were of Turkic stock.
Hunnic Descendants
The word "Hun" comes from the word "kun" in Turkish ...It means people, or nation. Many now accept that the Bulgars are the descendants of the Huns. The ancestor of the Bulgars is Kobrat Han, who was the son of Irnek. Irnek was the son or grandson of Attila. So the Bulgars are directly descended from the Huns. Their writings were a different version of the Turkish-Runic writing used in Mongolia.
The Magyars (Hungarians) are also the descendants of the Huns (although modern Hungary itself also consists of a large number of Avar descendants mixed in - Ed). The dynasty of Arpad, which founded the present-day Hungary, is descended from the dynasty of Attila. The very name of the country comes from the name On-Ogur, which is a Turkish tribe. The Magyars consisted of six amalgamated Turkish tribes and one other Turkish tribe.
Magyars and Bulgars were accepted by the Byzantines as Turkic. for example, the Magyars were called Turks by the Byzantines during the ninth and twelfth centuries. Both of these tribes have since been assimilated into the native peoples in which they migrated and settled and have lost their own cultural features.
There are still hundreds of Turkish words in the Hungarian language. I hope these few examples will help you in clarifying the origin of the Huns.

Yes most of the Nuic groups were Altaic(Turkic), but the Hephthalites(white Huns) who invaded Iran and India were Iranic.

A Byzantine ambassador described them by saying they were the only Huns who had white skin and sharp features.

As our Italian friend mentioned even theEuropean Huns were a mixed group. A saying that is often atributed to Atilla himself is "A nation made up of one race is a weak one."

The Huns were a mixed up group of people and the only reason why some are classified as Altaic and others as Indo-European is because of the languages they spoke.

The White Hun Empire (Ak Hün İmparatorluğu); 420 - 552, These guys were Iranic

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

sorry, I never mentioned huns were mongol people, but the core tribes and clans were of proto-turks

in the contest mongolic is referred to membership in the so-called "yellow race"

of course if the Xiong-nu (or Hsiung-nu) confederation was a group of mostly proto-turks this wasn't for the following hun confederations which tribes and clans were mostly from different groups, in these ordes only the dominant ones were of proto-turk origin

then hugrics, magyars, estis, fins, laps, carelians (which looks very asians at least IMO), maris, udmurts etc. are not altaians as turks are but hugric-fins a distinct group as satem and kentum indoeuropeans are (and probably a lot of more distinct)
they are as different from turks as turks and mongols are from koreans and japanese

magyars were members of the turk confederation of "on oygur" ("the 10 arrows", here is the european "hungarian") of the Kok Turks but weren't themselves turks

The Fino-Hungarian and Baltic elements of the Huns were a very important componant of Atilla's hordes. In Asia though the Huns remained largely Turkic, with Indo-European elements mixed in.

The Hephthalites being the only major exception, they were mainly Iranic with some Turkic influences.

They were also the only major Hunic group to settle down in Eastern Persia and Northwestern India and become assimilated into the general population.

After settling in Gandhara and Punjab they gave up their Proto-Zoroastrian religion(basically sun worship)and became Hindus. They also practiced Polyandry. Several brothers would share one wife.

They were responsible for destroying the Hellnistic Buddhist civillization of Gandhara.

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

Quote: A proto-turkic people may be more exactly a steppes' confederation of tribes, not a single tribe so the member ones were of different origin both caucasians and mongolics and mixed such a confederation was built around a turkic core but included iranics, tokharians, germans, slavs, hugro-fins etc do you not know turcs are exogamic, then ? In particular the "turkic" or mongolic core of white huns was composed from a tiny leadership of eurasian proto-turks (the "ruling or dominant or sovereign clans", do you know about osmanli family ? do you know the history of steppes' organization ?) and a mass of hugrics (which weren't turks but related to finns and magyars which are western ural-altajic nations)enlisted in Ural areas. according with most recent authors (Bona. Les Huns, Paris)the mongolic/turkic component of the black huns confederation was 20-25% think of a confederation of more than 25-60 tribes/nations !!!! the most part of those western huns tribes were germans( goths, vandals etc)and iranics (sarmatians, alans, schityans etc)and may be caucasians too

Mate to understand the Huns or any Turkish empire you must know the fact that Turks never made up the majority of the population in any of there empires. The specialty about Turks is they rule the country, for example Turks made up very little of the Ottoman population (the Arab and Slav population was always larger then the Turkish population) but the dynasty and administration was Turkish. Same goes for the Hun Empire, Turks ruled the empire despite the multi-cultural population. Even today the Republic of Turkey consists of 34 different ethnic groups but Turks are the ruling class. So to understand the Huns or any Turkish state you must know the traditional Turkish administration.

Quote: the main cause was corruption and decadence amongst huns leaders(I'm speaking now of original east asian huns or Xiong-nu) and conspiration with chinese with consequence of civil war the chinese military action worked in this situation the direct cause of dissolution of the Xiong-nu confederation/empire was really the military defeat by the new born proto-mongol confederation of the Xien-bi or Hsien-pi the defeated "turk" old-huns "sovereign clans" escaped to the urals and in central asia were they rebuilt their force with new local tribes this means iranics (mainly schytians/sakas) and tokharians in central asia initially hugric near urals ansd then slavs, finns, western iranics and germans

Theres was many reasons for many Turkic tribes to migrate in various periods of history. The main reason you named is just one of them...

---




They dance tsifte-teli, sit on lounges, drink coffee & ouzo and eat feta, doner, dolmades, baklava, mezes, tzatziki, imam-baildi, souvlaki, moussakas etc.

Is Feta enough to make one Greek?

Huns fall under the Scythian grouping? Didn't know that, they are from same part of world, but I thought different time periods meant different cultures/tribes.

Anyways Darada, you know the Scythians in the sub-continent became Hindus, but never became Brahminists. Even today, there is a big feud between the Scythians and Brahmins, it shows up in politics. In Bihar for example, if the Rajputs vote one way, the Brahmins go the other. For caste purposes though, Scythians are either Kshatriyas or Kayasthas (which is a caste that is both Kshatriya and Brahmin).
My last name broken down says Saka Sena. So I can claim a Scythian fatherline, and a pure Brahmin motherline.

Quote: Huns fall under the Scythian grouping? Didn't know that, they are from same part of world, but I thought different time periods meant different cultures/tribes.

****en hell the Huns have nothing to do with Scythians, there Turkic. There language, there administration, there racial background and there culture was TURKIC. Why is that so hard to understand?

---




They dance tsifte-teli, sit on lounges, drink coffee & ouzo and eat feta, doner, dolmades, baklava, mezes, tzatziki, imam-baildi, souvlaki, moussakas etc.

Is Feta enough to make one Greek?

So then Darada, why did you say that the Huns made it to India? The Scythians took and settled large parts of Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh, Rajputana, Hindustan, Gujrat. The Huns were continuously defeated by the Guptas. Warfare with the Huns drove the Guptas bankrupt, and maybe in the vacuum they trickled in as migrants, but not conquerors.

The Hunas (Hephthalites) were related to the Scythians and were an Iranic people. Other than that most of the other Hunnic groups were Turkic.

The Hunas invaded the Ganges valley on several occasions. Both Toramana and Mihirkula humbled the Guptas, but yes they did not settle in the Ganges valley.

You must remember though that Gandhara, Punjab and Kashmir were never really part of the Gupta Empire (they did pay tribute at times though).

Thus the decsendents of the Hephthalites are mostly to be found in present day Afghanistan and Pakistan and East Punjab and northern Rajasthan in india.

They did conquer the Ganges valley, but the area around Bihar and Bengal remained under the Gupta "Emperors"


And 1453 Kardes, all of the Hunnic groups with the exception of the Hephthalites(Iranic) were Turkic.

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

The earliest Chinese imperial records have the Hsiung Nu (Huns) as a group from Mongolia who were fighting with blond and red-headed tribes and city-states who were subjects and protectorates of the Han dynasty. The caucasian groups were recorded as Wu-sun and Yueh-chih (Tocharians and Kushans.)

The Han broke the Hsiung Nu during a major invasion of the Hun confederation which one of the seismic events of the ancient world. This war set in motion a mass migration of tribes across the steppes as the Huns along the Chinese border were forced into land occuppied by other Asian and Indo-European tribes. (This actually happened several times under different Chinese dynasty and involving different tribes.)

Besides records of words and costume, the Huns were most likely Turkish because later groups like the Western and Eastern Turks and the Uighurs during the Tang Dynasty also came from the same region (Mongolia.) The first turkish empires (of the Eastern and Western Turks) were broken by the Tang. This was what allowed the Mongols (Hsien pei) to progressively move into Mongolia. When the Tang dynasty fell, the Mongols had no challenger in Mongolia and they came to dominate that land after the Turks.


-------------------------------------------------
Love is a Big Fat Cuddly Panda

It is debatable whether the Kushans(Yue-Chi) were an Iranic people or related to the Tocharians(Indo-Europeans, but neither Iranic or Indo-Aryan, infact their language was more closely related to the western European languages).

Right now based on their culture and religon it is assumed that the Kushans were Iranic.

Once the Kushans established their empire with its capital at Purushpura (present day Peshawar)they reconquered their original homeland from the Chinese by marching an army across the Pamirs. Eventhough at times the Kushan Emperor would send tribute to the Son of Heaven, as long as the Kushan Empire lasted the Chinese would not recapture Kashgar and Khotan.


"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

History of the Huns from 1766 BC to 1040(Turks enter Anatolia)

1766 BC
Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia, 17th member of old Chinese Hia dynasty, dethroned due to evil ways. His son Sunni went with 500 members of his Hia nationality to Hun relatives. Hia still has many common words with Altaic languages

1766 BC
Oldest Turkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political events. Hun (Hsiung-nu) words tanry, kut, byoryu, ordu, tug, kylych etc are oldest monuments of Turkish language. State rulers’ endoethnonym is Hun, Turkic "man, male, people"

1390 BC
First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos

1200 BC
First Hun state in highlands of Ordos

800 BC
Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians

685 BC 685 - 643 BC
Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun

679 BC 679 BC
Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers inTsi, taking that right from Chjou

659 BC 659 - 621
Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin
500 BC
Persepolis inscription text is "Darius Hystapes (522-486) rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae [European, Caucasian ?]."

450 BC
Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.) shows Agathirsi (Agach-ir=Türk. forest+people), Scythians and Massagets, Malanchleni, Neuri, Budini and Geloni, Thissagets and Jurcae

450 BC
Herodotus (IV, 105) reports about wolf cult at Neuri (Nevrs) along Hypanis and W. of Borisphen to Tyras together with Budins. Later wolf was on gold bukle fr Niconia by Dniester

318 BC
First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318 BC

300 BC
In Chinese sources Alans are one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu, Siu-lin) most favored by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son Ki-ok/Kök) of 3rd century B.C.(ToOD 146). ( Turk. alan ‘field’, akin to 'fieldman', 'polyane', 'polovets')

300 BC
Earliest occurrence of Parthian name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of white Hun (Ephtalite) origin

246 BC
Cheng (246-?) of T'sin dynasty, in twenty-sixth year of his reign assumed title of Shi Hwang-ti (first universal emperor), from then on, Chaina sovereign called Wang. Cheng consolidated 4 feudal states into China, and divided empire into thirty-six kiun

246 BC
Cheng (246-?) of T'sin dynasty built great wall of China (Wan-li-ch'ang-ch'eng, or wall ten thousand lis long), which extends from Chi-li to Kan-su, to stop incursions of Huns (Hiung-nu)

290 BC
Hun state consists of 24 clans, some of them: Kuyan (Jack rabbit) Lan (Orchard) Suybu (West Tribe) Suylyanti Tsulin Taychi Uyti Tsetszuy…

290 BC
Hun state leader is titled Great Shanyuy - "Chenli gydu shanyuy" - "Son of endless sky" Succession is from father to eldest son

230 BC
Touman (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), of clan Suylyanti with a bull totem establishes Hunnic Empire

214 BC
Chinese ruler Si Huang Ti (259-210 BC) builds Great Chinese Wall against attacks of Huns

209 BC
Touman died (Tumen, 240 - 209 BC), accession to throne of Maotun (Batur,210 - 174 BC), founder of Hun Empire. Expansion of Hun Empire

204 BC
HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Founder - Mete (Bagatir, Maotun, Batur)

200 BC
Emergence of Huns on western borders of China

177 BC
Mete Khan (Maotun) letter to Chinese government describes that 26 nations are in Turkish sate and all of them became "nations stretching bow-string", or Huns

174 BC
Kok-khan (174-161 BC), Huns attack Ku Süns, i.e. White Huns (Kushans, Tocharians, Yüeh-chih), driving them from Gansu

174 BC
Nomadic Ku Süns (Kushans, Yu-chi), a powerful force west of China, attacked and defeated by Huns and driven west, into Kangar (Sogdia, Kangüy, K'ang-chu), from where they invade Bactria (Ta-hsia). Strabo 11.8.2 names them Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli

150 BC
Rise of Hun Empire's puts pressure on territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were pushed west, including Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar

141 BC 141-128 BC
Tochars (Yüeh-chih), fleeing from Huns, overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan
121 BC Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat Huns

60 BC
Hou Han Shu 96A.10b: Huns defeated Great Yüeh-chih, who went west, became rulers of Baktria, and Sai king (wang) went southwards and became ruler(s) of Chi-pin, forming several kingdoms (Asses dynasties?) NW of Kashgar (Su-le): Hsiu-hsiin and Yilan-tu

56 BC
First split of Hun Empire into Western and Eastern branches Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) (56 - 36 BC)

50 BC
Dionisios Periegetos: Already in 1-st century BC, (European, Caucasian ?) Huns dominate over all Caspian lands

48 BC
WESTERN HUN EMPIRE

48 BC - 216 A.D
Founder – Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia

60
After Jazyges left Pontic steppes, Rhoxolans' possessions began to border Lower Danube and Roman Moesia. During Nero time (69 AD.) they invaded Moesia

93
Western (Nothern) Huns suffer a major defeat from Mongols (Hsien-pi) and start westward migration (93-c.380)

100
Roxolans (Türk. Uraksy Alans, i.e. ‘Alans-farmers’) pushed Romans on the Lower Danube in 2-nd and in 3-rd c. In the 2-nd c. AD. Rhoxolan nomads expanded their domination over local nomadic and settled tribes to the west, down to Lower Danube and Carpathians

124
Dionysius Periegetes (the guide) Orbis terrae descriptio map showing (European, Caucasian ?) Huns (Unni), Caspii, Massagets (on opposite bank of Itil from Huns), Sacii, Alani, Scyths, Hyrcanii, Sarmats, Taurii

124
Dionisus Periegetes (end of 1st - beginning of 2nd c.) maps and talks that on Northwestern side of Caspian sea live Scythians, Uns, Caspians, Albanians, and Kaduses, of Huns living next to Caspian Sea Sak (Gr. Sacae)=Turkco-Persian saka=water carrier

128
Ticitus: Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) pays Roxolans annual tribute and allows their transit by Roman roads through Dacia with Iazyges, who lived along Tissa

139
(European) Huns living next to Dnieper in Eastern Europe. Ptolemaus Claudius geographer, B.3 Ch.5 calls them Khuni (Chuni) and Suni. (Khuni is clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their ruler)

139
Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ‘below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Türk. agach ers ‘forest people’) live Savari (Türkic Suvars), between Basternae and Rhoxolani live (European) Huns

139
Ptolemy lists Roxolans east from Alans-Scythians, i.e. between Lower Dniepr and Don, in steppes beyond Don,

150
Burial rite of Scythians and Huns is strikingly uniform: same barrows, burial frames of logs and thick timbers, burial blocks, sacrificial horses etc. Relics of Hun burials are well known in whole space of former Scythian territory: on coast of Black Sea, along Danube (so called Scythia Minor), in Northern Caucasus and other areas

155
End of Huns as a major power in inner Asia
216
End of HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Founder - Mete (Bagatir)

216
End of WESTERN HUN EMPIRE
48 - 216 A.D
Founder – Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia

216
Western Hun Empire separates into 5 successor states (215-290)
Tele (Gaogyuys)

260
In 60's of 3-rd century, Caucasian Huns served in Persian army of Sasanid Shapur I (241-272)

266
Unification of China. Hun rebellion is suppressed

275
EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 – 454
A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N.Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)

290
In 90's of 3-rd century, Armenian sources write about Hun wars in Trans-Caucasus (N.Caucasus)

300
Tele left early Huns Horde, keeping patriarchal relations and nomadic life. They were not Sinadized. They move on steppes on carts with high wheels

300
In Chinese annals Gaogyuys – Tele are listed as branch of Huns

300
Genealogy: Gaogüys =>Tele =>15 tribes =>
1 Uange (Uygurs)
2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto)
3 Kibi
4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele)
5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut)
6 Dolange (Telengits)
7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs)
8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs)
9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs)
10 Hun
11 Sygye (Uygurs)
12 Husye
13 Higye
14 Adye(Eduz)
15 Baysi (Barsil)

300
Sirs and Türks live at Ordos

304
Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China Han Empire northern part and established a sequence of kingdoms. Predominantly Chinese population was led by Hun’s Toba tribe.

309
Hun's raid eased by rebellion of (Chinese) people against officials

309
Intrigues of Emperor Huai-di against Sym Yuy. Chinese aliance with Tabgach Khan Ilu against Huns

310
Hun-Maskuts (Gr. Massagets), together with Sakas, led by king of Massagetae Sanesan invade Armenia in beg. of 4 century (336?) (Tr. Sen-esen=you+storming (man))

311
Defeat of Sym Yuy. Fall of Loyan, Huns take Chanan

312
Chinese displace Huns from Chanan

312
Small Syanbinian tribe with Khans from Muyun family moved from southern Manjuria to west and settled in proximity of lake Kukunor. They fought Tibetans successfully and Tobases unsuccessfully

312
Syanbinian tribe with Muyun Khans were organized into kingdom Togon and became vassals of Empire Wey

320
Muyun Khoy becomes Great Shanuy

321
Tsu Ti dies, and Chinese advance against Huns stopped

325
China loses lands north of river Huai

334
First mention of Bulgars, they live in basin of Tanais and Cuban

336
Türkic names of European Hun rulers
Karaton (kadadon= dress)
Mundjuk, Attila's father (bondjus = bead, tirquose)
Attila (Itil= birthplace, or Ata-il = father of country)
Illek, Attila's son (Il-Ek = country fortress)
Dengizik, Attila's son (Den(g)iz = Sea)
Irnek, Attila's son (=young soldier)
Aibars, Attila's uncle (= bars, lion)
Oktar, Attila's uncle (= )
Ary Kan (aryg-kan = beautiful Quinn)
Basyk
Kursyk
Atakam
Eshkam

336
Türkic names of Hun rulers (cont'd)
Nation
Agacheri (Forrest people)
Shar (sary - ak, = yellow - white)
Ogur (Ok-gur = ten federates)
Potential link of ruling family with Asian Tankhu (king)

337
Hun's avant-garde reached Tanais, displaced Ostgoths, who displaced Visigoths and Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division into Western and Eastern Roman Empires

338
Tele tribes subjugated by Tobases Khan. They live west of Ordos

350
Ügülüy from Syanbinian cavalry organizes a band and joints neighboring nomads

350
Tele are living of animal husbandry, in a weak confederation of tribes, fighting for their independence

354
Earliest known European record about Bulgarians is "Anonymous chronograph", a list of tribes and peoples in Latin. He mentiones a certain 'Ziezi ex quo Vulgares'

360
Huns cross Volga and attacked Alans. Part of Alans retreat to N. Caucasus, part is absorbed in Huns Horde, part retreat to N. Donets. Most likely, after conquest a part of Bulgars joins Huns, and a part remains

363
In 363, Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages, especially Derbent passage, against Hun hordes, making repeated raids and campaigns against Persians , Armenians and peoples of Middle East

364
Goth's invasion of Thrace

370
Huns defeat Goths (Germans)

370
Romans hired Hunnic warriors as auxiliary troops and paid them a yearly tribute, partly for services rendered and partly as a bribe to keep them from raiding provinces

370
Huns were a genetic hybrid between Mongoloid, Altaic (Siberian), and Central Asian Türkic stocks. Typical Hunno-Bulgars probably had a squarish face, high cheekbones, and slanting eyes.
Term 'Bulgar' comes from Türkic 'bulgha' = 'to mix'. These nomadic horsemen groups were mainly composed of As - Ossetians, Eastern Antes - Iranian-Slavic blend, Khazars - a mixed Türkic group, and a people known as Sarmatians, an Iranian group.

370
Huns defeat Ostrogoths. Death of Germanarix. Vinitari (Vitimir?) becomes new Ostrogothic king. Ostrogoths retire to Lower Dniepr. Geruls and Burgundians part of Ostrogoths

370
370-376 War between Alans and Goths.

370
Huns control N. Pontic, Tanais and N. Caspian steppes. Living there Alans join Huns

370
Guylüchoy, successor to Ügülüy, organized a horde, move along all Khalka to Khingan, subordinated to Tobas Khans, paid tribute in horses, sable and martens.

370
Guylüchoy life and organization are primitive and organized by regiments of 1000 men. No changes for 200 years. All efforts went to rob neighbors.

370
2 migrations of Bulgarians from Caucasus to Armenia. 1st during Armenian ruler Vaharshak, immigrants of Vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, lands named Vanand.

370
Because of expansion of Huns in E European steppes , disturbances ... in land of Bulgars, many of whom migrated and settled south of Kokh, 2nd migration during Armenian ruler Arshak

372
After crushing, or compelling alliance of, various nations Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci, Huns reached Alani, Don Alans crushed by Huns. Part of Alans joins Huns in advance to Europe

374
Retreating to Dnieper Ostrogoths fight with Ants living there. After a number of battles and defeats, Ostrogoths captured Antian King Boz (Bus, Bog?) and executed him

375
Jordanes, XLVIII, 249. Battle between Alans under Balamber ( Bulümar, 363 - 378) and Ostrogoths at river Erac (Tiligul liman, about 35 km east of Odessa). After death of Vitimir, young Vidirix bacame a King. Alatey and Safrac ruled under his name. Ostrogoths retreated to Dniestr.

375
Ammianus Marcellinus: After his (Hermanaric) departure, Vitimir was made a King, and resisted Halans for some time… But after many defeats he suffered, he was subdued by arms and died in battle

376
Huns captured Atilkuzu (Bessarabia). Alans remained in Dacia. Vestgoths and Ostrogoths, defeated by Huns and Alans, retreated to Danube

376
Vestgoths and Ostrogoths Goths fled from Huns, asked help from Emperor Valens, who allowed them cross Danube to guard borders, and entered Roman Empire. Poor control of crossing, extractions by officials caused rebellion. Rome faced Gothic invasion.

376
Goths who crossed Danube became Visigoths, and Goths who remained behind and became subjects of Huns were designated Ostrogoths. Ostrogoths who cross Danube joined Vestgoths. Entire Alaric's Visigothic population is estimated to be around 100,000 people

377
Hunnish-Bolgarian association during period of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Attilla's combat power consists mostly of mounted Bolgarian troops. Attila' dynasty is continued for Bolgars.

377
A detachment of Huns crossed Kerch straight from Caucasus, displaced Goths in Crimea to center of peninsula, and went to join main army in Dniestr estuary

378
At a victory celebration Bulümar (363 - 378) dies, his son Alyp-bi Arbat (Gr. Uldin) becomes Khan of Huns (378-402 b 361)

378
Oldest son of Hun's Bulümar (Balamber) Alyp-bi defeats Sadumians (Scandinavians), crossed Danube and with estimated 200,000 of Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Alans warriors defeats 80K Byzantium army at Andrianopol. Valens acted alone and engaged a massive Hun's force. Result was a catastrophe, Valens army was completely annihilated, he perished (9 August AD 378). His body was never found

380
Western (Northern) Huns in westward migration (93-c.380) take possession of lower Don river valley and north of Sea of Azov .

380
New Roman Emperor Theodosius settles Gothic problem diplomatically. Goths become federates, and Alans move north.

380
380-395 Alans clear Dacia and Atilkuzu from Vestgoths, Taifals, Gepids, Burgunds and other peoples. Huns went to Pontic steppes.

386
Creation of Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire

390
Tele move north, to Djungaria, and spread in West Mongolia to Selenga.

395
Huns under Khan Alyp-bi campaign in N.Caucasus and even raid Syria. Alans, Ostrogoths and Geruls, retreated earlier to N.Caucasus, subordinate to Huns

395
Rebellion of Alarics and Visigoths

400
In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.

400
Syanbian language, ancient Mongolian, becomes inter-tribe language for Türk's allied tribes. "Türk" = "strong", "powerful".

400
Alans and Bulgars live between Itil and Don

400
Arab and Persian authors mention town Varachan (Belenjer), capital of Hun state, in Sulak valley near Upper Chir-Ürt in Daghestan. Later authors refer to Balanjar as native land of Khazars.

400
Ancestors of Khazars among Huns called selves Basils (Bas, head; il/el, people--ruling people)

402
Alyp-bi (Gr. Uldin) (378-402) dies, is buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev) under Baltavar stone with Ψ sign. His son Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk, Karaten, Charaton) becomes Khan of Huns (402-414, b 380).

402
Ruler of Western Roman Empire Stilihon allied with Huns and Alans, who help Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes.

405
New help by Huns and Alans to Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes (Suewes)

405
Alans join Vandals in invasion to Gallia (modern France).

406
Radagais leads Vandals, Suebis, Kuads, Burgonds, Saksons, Almants, is cuptured at Fiesol (N.Italy) by Huns under Ulduz (Khagan? Yabgu?) (?-410?), supposedly, ruler of right, eastern wing of Hunish army), allied with Romans, and executed (Aug 406). Vandals cross Rein, retreat to Gaul

409
Alans and Vandals moving from Gaul to Spain.

410
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai. Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Syanbinian Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness.

410
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (?-410), his brother Khulüy (410-414) becomes Khan.

410
Bishop of Rome Innocent I (401-417) exchange hostages with Hun Khan Aybat to ensure peace, royal prince of Rome for Atila (434-453 b 406) who is sent to Northern Italy. Young Attila is educated in Western Roman Empire
410
Huns attack Roman Empire and sack Rome. Huns introduce pants to Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas.

410
After death of Khagan Uldiz (?-410?) Charaton (410-422?) becomes Khagan of Huns. In 412 Charaton receives Byzantian ambassador Olimpiodors. Charaton rules mostly eastern part of empire. No information till 422.

412
Byzantian embassy to Huns in Pontic area

414
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Khulüy (410-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-?) becomes Khan

414
Khan Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk, Karaten, Charaton) (402-414, b 380) dies, His son becomes Khan of Huns .

418
Syanbinian Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area

420
Toba tribe unites Northern China into a kingdom known under Chinese name of Empire Wey

420
Huns settle in middle Danube. Rulers were Yabgu Roila (Rugila), Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) and Khagan Oktar

420
WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)

420
Ephtalites were divided into White Chions and Red Chions

424
Jujan Khan Datan (?-424) with 60K cavalry invades Empire Wey. In 425 Tobases of Empire Wey expel them to behind Gobi

424
Huns advance force sacked Rome. Huns are free warriors with equal rights. Their universe rotates around Polar Star, and their goal is subjugation then pacification of the peoples, of the four corners of the world. All conquered peoples became their friends once they identified with interests of Huns. Huns had common ownership and interest rather than clans or blood-ties
430
Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Wey army, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperses Syanbinian Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by his son Udi (430-445). Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wey

430
Huns reach Rein. Yabgu Roila (Ruga) keeps friendly relations with Rome, lending troops to suppress Bagauds in Gaul

430
Many Huns in Pannonia live in houses and depend on agriculture to support them. Prince Attila the Hun entered into alliance with many peoples who occupy C. Europe (Germany)
432
After Oktar, Ruga (432-437) becomes Hun Khagan

433
Huns began to sweep into Roman Empire (Europe). Attila the Hun is educated in Italy in Roman Christian traditions and its not surprising Huns should again subjugate Europe.
434
Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khagan Ruga

434
Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) (390-434) dies. His son Bleda, becomes Kagan and ruler of E. Huns (Ak Bulgar) (434-445). His son Attila becomes Yabgu of W. Huns (Kara Bulgar) (434-445).

434
Roman bishop of Margus crossed Danube and robbed royal Hun graves, stealing their burial treasures. War broke out

434
Possibly during Byzantine campain Ruga (Rua, Roila, Rugila) dies (?-434), Atilla and his brother Bleda are elected, his nephew Attila becomes ruler of left (western) wing of empire

434
Attila forces Eastern Roman Empire to recognize the superiority of Huns. Constantinople gives many concessions in treaty of Margus: Hun merchants’ rights, military alliance conducts, the return of Hun fugitives, and increases tribute to 700 pounds of gold to be paid each year

434
Sidonius Apollinaris: ca. 434 Khazars are Attila's tributary, followed banners of Attila, and in 452 fought on the Catalanian fields in company with the Black Huns and Alans.
435
Brother of Prince Atilla the Hun Prince Blada negotiates with Rome. Romans align with Huns against Germanic Burgundi armies. Battle near Rhine sees Burgundi King Gunther killed. King Ruha the Hun dies and Blada and Atilla are pitted against each other for Hun's Kingship.
437
Syanbinian Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wey. In 439 Empire Wey counterattacks, without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border and flees. Then again in 445.

439
In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Chesi to Wey Empire, Khan Ashina with 500 families fled to Syanbinian Jujanes and settled south of Altai mountains and produce iron for Syanbinian Jujanes.

439
Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan

439
An horde of warlike Syanbinians retreated to Tibet from Khesi. Coming to a rich, but disunited country, Syanbinian leader attracted Kyans, i.e. occupied a dominating position between ever-hostile tribes.

439
In Tibet, descendants of Syanbinian leader had title Tsenpo, meaning in between King and Head of Government, supported by Syanbinians who are the only real force in country.

439
Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan

440
Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar

440
Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan, and eastern Persia

441
Huns are again on Danube border, took Singidun (Belgrad)

442
Ultimatum by Atilla to Theodosius II, who rejects it

442
442-447 Huns powerfully invades Byzantium. Destruction of 70 cities in Illiria and Thrace, capture and inclusion of vast territory in Hunnish state

443
Peace between Theodosius II and Atilla. By peace of Anatolius (the mediator of the treaty negotiation) Romans were to pay 6,000 pounds of gold immediately, and yearly tribute set at 2,100 pounds of gold, and immediate release of Hun fugitives

444
Atilla, Kara Bulgar Yabgu, becomes Hun Kagan (445-453) upon death of Kagan Bled (434-445), the highest ruler from Caucasus to Danube. Per Priscus, Bleda had honor burial and three-day giant feast attended by all nobles in Kaganate

445
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Wey undertakes punishment raids into steppes against Syanbinian Jujanes

447
2-nd peace of Anatolius between Byzantiun and Huns. Big tribute to Huns. Hun commander Edeco assented to assassinate Atilla for 50 pounds of gold

448
Byzantian embassy to Atilla, described by Priscus. Byzantian attempt to organize Atilla's murder

448
Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan

450
In written sources, Huns are identified with Scythians and Cimmerians, and specifically with "Royal Scythians". Scythian ethnonym "As-kishi", or its stem "as" is retained in written sources, especially old Georgian documents, in Huns' name as "ovs", "os"

450
Hunnish society attained progress thanks to contact with Roman civilization. In Attila's court, in dwelling place of Onegesios, bath constructed by prisoner from Sirmium are only some examples

450
Priscus: "because Scythians are mixed and besides their own language, they try to speak language of Huns, or Goths or Ausoni, when some of them have to do with Romans"

450
Per Priscus, Sabirs conquered lands of Onogurs, Saragurs and Ugors in steppes around north-western Caspian coast

450
Death of Theodosius II Flavy on a hunt (10.4.401). Markian, a son of a plain soldier, becomes Emperor, formally as a husband of Pulheria. 450 Markian refuses to pay tribute to Huns

450
Huns were called Os in 5th century, during their raids in Georgia in time of king Vakhtang. Word "ovs" of Georgian sources is actually a slightly deformed name of a Turk tribe "As"

451
Attila heads great army, size of Hunnic army has been variously estimated at between 300,000 and 700,000, crossed Rhine and swept across Europe looting, pillaging, and burning. Aetius battles Attila at Battle of Chalons on Catalaunian Plains

451
451.06.15 "Battle of Peoples" at Catalaun ravine near present Trua. On Atilla's side are Huns, Geruls, and part of Franks, on Aecius side Roman legions recruited from Gaul and Germany, Vestgoths, Burgunds, Franks, Armorician Alans headed by Sanhiban. No definite result.

451
Sidonius Apollinaris: Khazars follow banners of Attila, and in 452 fought on the Catalanian fields in company with the Black Huns and Alans.
451
Jordanes: In a direct fight battled strongest troops on both sides, without surprise attacks. Mighty tribes were killed, 165K on each side, plus 15K Gepids and Franks who fought at night, killing each other, Franks on Roman side, Gepids on Hun's side

451
Atilla prepares a campain in Italy

452
Italian campain of Atilla, ending with peace. In spite of large conquests, Atilla agreed to peace because of epidemy in his army.

453
Atilla (434-453) weds young German Ildico. Next morning he is found dead. End of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Atilla is given state funerals. Ellak becomes Hun Kagan (453-454)

453
Vestgoths, headed by Torismud, son of killed in Catalaunian Plains Theodorix, defeat Huns and expell them from their territory.

453
Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle at Nedao.

453
Gepids under Ardaric battle Huns under Kagan Ellak. Tingiz (Dengizik/Diggiz) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) retreat to a military camp and defend for 2 years. Negotiations allow Tingiz and Bel-Kermek leave with Bulgars, remaining defenders are surrendered to Ardaric.

453
To Ellak, eldest of brothers, given Sabir ulus, to 2-nd son Tengiz given Kutrigur ulus, to Bel-Kermek, 3-rd son, given Utigur ulus

453
454-565 Gepids control Pannonia. Gepidian reign is established in Dacia (current day Transylvania)

454
Several Hunno-Bulgar uluses outside of three main Hunnic hordes joined with Byzantines with obligation of military services, and were given land to settle as protectors against their northern cousins

454
Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak (453-454) in battle. Sabirs without Ellak retreat to East, through Pontic Steppes, to Daghestan. Kutriguri and Utiguri under Bel-Kermek (Hernach), fell back to 'Ugol' place that corresponds to Bessarabia

454
454 - 455 Rebelion in Hun's state. German tribes of Gepids, Rugs, Geruls rebelled. Battle at Nedao (Nedava, tributary of Sava). The coalition was composed of the Gepids, Scires, Suaves, Ruges, Herules and Ostrogoths

454
Jordanes: You could see Goth with lances, Gepids with mad with sword, Rug breaking spears in his wounds, and Svev bravely acting with bat, and Hun with arrow, Alan with heavy, Gerule with light weapons.

454
Atilla's son Ellak tried suppress rebelion, was defeated and died in battle. Remains of Ellak's army retreated east of Carpathians. Two other sons Dengizik (454-455) and Ernak remained in Dacia and Bessarabia. Alans led by ruler Kandak were forced to go to Dobrudja

454
Ostrogoths take part on losing side in battle at Nedao where Gepids under Ardaric crush last Hun coalition. Ostrogoths become sovereign and settle in Pannonia

454
End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE
275 - 454 A.D
Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area -4,000,000 Km2)

455
Tingiz and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) (455-465) lead Bulgars, on way from Pannonia to estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper) are attacked by Gallidjians (Scandinavians). Tingiz is killed. Bel-Kermek raises red flag of Asses and breaks through to lower Dnieper.

455
Bel-Kermek, 3rd son of Atilla, leads Bulgars to settle between Crimea and estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper), and proclaims a beylik of Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys).

455
Bel-Kermek with Hun's Sadagariem and other tribes remain in Dobrudja (Little Scythia) and Lower Moesia. Later known as Sacromontizies and Fossatizies.

455
Two other Attilla's sons, Emnetzur and Ultzindur lead from Crimea tribes of Ultzindzur and Ultzindgur to Byzantium on right bank of Danube

455
Jews from Armenia and Persia begin immigration to North Caucasus

455
Hephthalites conquer Kushans and invade India

460
Bulgar tribes of Ultinzur, Bittugur and Bardor flock to Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltabar (Lord of Beys). Huns adopt name Bulgar, Bulgars adopt Hun's language.

463
Ogur Türkic tribes, including Onogurs (Onoghur = 10 Ogur Confederation), Saragurs (White Türks) and Uturgurs (Utigurs) (Uturgur = 30 Ogur Confederation) cross Itil and enter Europe.

463
Priscus Rhetor: In 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, conquered conquered lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium

463
Destunis G.C.: Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine. They said that they were expelled by Savirs, who fled Avars, who fled from people living on shores of ocean. Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates

463
Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire

465
Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium

465
Altynoba's Bel-Kermek (455-465) dies, his older son Djurash Masgut becomes Altynoba Baltavar (465-505).

465
Agaçeris crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Agaçeris are included in Five Ogur confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly, Kalaç and Kipchak nations

468
Tengiz (Dengizik) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) sent ultimatum to Byzantium, when it is rejected, Dengizik invades Thrace, but is defeated under command of Byzantine’s Anagast and Aspar. Dengizik dies in battle.

468
Bulgar Kutigurs fight Byzantine (468-469). Byzantine’s Anagast procured Khan Dengizik's head after he was killed and sent it to Constantinople where it was displayed atop of a spear. Kutrigurs never forgot Utigur Hernach's refusal of help.

468
468 - 469 Danube war between Huns and Byzantium. Bel-Kermek (Hernach) after Dengizik death leads army. Byzantium beats off invasion with difficulty. Byzantium mercenary army consists of Slavs and Alans commanded by Aspar, whose father was Alan.

468
Vernadsky G.V.:"in some respect Danube war of 468 - 469 was a war of Alans and Ants against their former masters, Huns." After Byzantian victory Huns left Dacia and Bessarabia. These provinces opened for Slavic colonization.

469
Western Hunnish clans retreated. Utigurs to Azov-Taman SE of Sea of Azov. Kutrigurs to between Dnieper and Don Rivers, NW from Sea of Azov Utigurs. Sabirs in Daghestan SE of other two Hunnic hordes, between Daryal Gorge and Kuma River on Caspian Sea.

469
469 - 488 movement of Bel-Kermek army back to Meotian-Taman region. They call themselves descendents of Hernach and are known as Utigurs (Kulakovsky "Alans")

469
Remnants of Tengiz (Dengizik) horde follow Utigurs to Dniepr and settle between Dniepr and Meotian Sea. They were called Kutigurs.

481
Ioanes Antiochenus: First written agreement of Byzantium emperor Zeno (474-475,476-491) with Bulgars' Djurash Masgut (465-505), allying them in war against Ostrogoths Goths of Theodoric (493-526), son of Triarius [Must be 475]

486
Bulgars fight again against Goths as allies of Byzantium

488
Bulgars settle in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after expelling Theodoric Ostrogoths (488).

488
Khazarian khalifa begins rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus

488
Bulgars fought again against Goths as allies of Gepids.

488
Bulgarians had been regarded as a brave and invincible in war people

488
Chersonesus ruler decided to restore walls and towers damaged by earthquake, scared of Kutugur's raids

492
Kutigur Bulgars invade Thrace, defeat Byzantine army and kill their leader Julian.

493
493-499 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns start raiding Thrace, possibly with Slavs. They took advantage of a civil war in Byzantium.

498
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and extends to left bank of Danube. Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship.

498
Nestorians accompany Shah Kavad I to Turkestan and evangelize the Hephthalite Huns, north of the Oxus River

552
GOKTÜRK EMPIRE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)

552
End of WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)

558
Discovered in Mongolia late in 20c inscription Var-guni (Bar-guni) mention European Avars. Majority of Avar time skeletons from Hungary are Mongoloids, Bayan was probably Mongolian word, evidence that Avars were Mongol Jujuns

558
Avarian embassy to Byzantium. Avars defeat Sabirs and Ants.

558
Avars led by Khan Bayan invaded N Caucasus and faced Byzantium's allies. In Byzantian sources first time they are mentioned

558
Avars show up on Danube.In Jan-Feb embassy of Kagan Bayan negociates in Constantinopole. Justinian hires them to guard agains "barbarians", the same Türkic nomadic hordes as Avars, who continued to erupt from N China.

559
Utugurs under Sandilch attack returning Kutugurs, and start a war. War weakens both peoples.

559
Kutugur Bulgars under Zabergan, with Avars, made a treaty with Sklavins(?), cross Danube on ice, raid Byzantine, in three directions. Via Macedonia to Ellada to Thermopile, to Thracian Chersones, under Zabergan through a break in Long Wall to Constantinop

559
Velizarius led defense and repulsed Kutugurs. Kutugurs remained in Thracia until paid off and received "gifts" on same conditions as Utugurs. Kutugurs leave Thracia.

559
After unsuccessful storm of Constantinopol Bulgars and Slavs were trapped. Byzantians cut their retreat. Justinian magnificiently spared them. Velizarius pushed them behind Long Wall. Zabergan retreated because Avars were coming fron east.

560
Avar Khaganate extended from Itil to mouth of Danube. Bulgars are split, with Kuturgur Huns (also listed are Onogundurs (10 Ogur Confederation), Hunnogurs, Sabirs belonging to Avar Khaganate, and Utugur Huns (30 Ogur) and Khazars loyal to W. Khaganate

560
Avars invaded land of Utigurs on east shore of Meotida. Utigurs recognized Avarian rule. Avars invaded Kutigurs. Kutigurs defeated and became Avarian vassals too. Bayan proclames himself Kagan.

560
Goktürkic ambassadors to Iran killed by Ephtalites on the road

561
Embassy from Kucha to Bay-Chjou

561
Avars captured Bessarabia, execute local ruler Mesamer

561
Sosroi Nushirvan crushes Sibirs

562
Last incursion by Kutigur Bulgars into Byzantium, stopped by Byzantium's instigating internecine wars between two most powerful branches, Kutigur (Kutrigur) and Utigur.

562
Second Avarian embassy to Byzantium

562
Avars came to Dobrudja and settle there

562
Persians defeat Ephtalites

563
Western Wey dynasty Bey-Chjou was of Syanbinian descent, and relying on support of Syanbinian elite transformed into large landlords. They assimilated and used Chinese language.

563
Goktürkic emissary in Constantinopole

563
Goktürkic armies, supported by Khosrov, attack Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed

564
Army service was made compulsory for simple people of Empire Wey, and two armies were organized. Army of nobles - fubin - was balanced by army of people. Fubin came from military organization of Syanbinian tribe Toba, who conquered Northern China in 4 c.

564
Service in army was mandatory for Syanbinian clansmen. In reward they received land parcels, and were released from any other obligations. Service was inherited, and with time soldiers become a privileged caste.

564
Initially army consisted exclusively of Syanbinians, but later it was supplemented by rich Chinese from Shansi and Shensi who accepted foreign dynasty after it adopted Chinese culture and language.

565
Avars under Khan Bayan (c. 565-602) subjugate Hunnugur and Sabir, and other Hunnic hordes, assimilating them under Avar Khaganate.

565
After defeat of their forces by Avars, Khazars took lead in Sabir-Khazar federation. Part of Sabirs move north, to Middle Itil region, among settled there Bulgarian tribes. Their main city Suvar is a great center of Itil Bulgaria.

565
Pannonia came under pressure from Avars, Lombardian new king, Alboin, found support from Constantinople less then he had hoped for.

565
Langobards destroys Gepidian Reign

565
Goktürkic Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history

565
Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Goktürk Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab

566
Between 566 and 571 Istemi Yabgu subjugated peoples Bandjar, Balandjar (Belendjer) and Khazar. Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars. Khazar influence increased as Khazars became Goktürks' closest allies and assistants.

567
Goktürks capture Bosphorus

567
Gepidic kingdom defeated by Avars

567
Avars ally with Longobards

567
Goktürk embassy to Sasanids, with a request for Silk Route transit trade through their territories is rejected

568
Sirs live in towns and have ports in Djurdjan, across Amu-Darya

568
Avars occupy Panonia

568
Lombardian King Alboin led a host of Lombards, Gepids, Sarmatians and other peoples (including Hunnic Bulgars, per Paul the Deacon) from Pannonia to Italy. Others, amongst them Bavarians, Saxons and Taifali, joined the invasion en route

568
As Lombardian King Alboin advanced, vacuum left behind them was filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs

568
Goktürk embassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians

569
Goktürks invade and conquer Sirs.

569
Zemarkh embassy to Goktürks, with five further embassies exchanged by 576

569
Goktürk war agains Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions

570
Kutugurs, as all people on Itil ruled by Goktürks, are encouraged by rise of Avars as alternative to Goktürk suzerainty.

570
Syanbinian Jujan horde keeps robbing neighbors. Language = Syanbinian Consider themselves to be ethnically Tobases.

570
Khazars are ruled by Western Goktürk Khaganate (570-659)

570
Goktürk rulers receive 100,000 pieces of silk tribute a year from China. Goktürks are the first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in East

572
572-591 Goktürks and Byzantines ally against Sassanians

572
Goktürks subjugate Utiguri until about 581.

572
Western Goktürk Khaganate's "Ulus" on lower Itil and Yaik

572
Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)

572
Peace between Bey-Tsi and Goktürks

574
Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou

575
Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara ChurinTürk (7) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603).

575
Uturgurs are allied with W. Goktürk Khaganate.

575
Alliance between Goktürks and Uturgurs

576
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Byzantine in Crimea and Panticapeum (Kerch) as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.

576
Utugurs under Khan Anagai, as auxiliaries of Goktürks, take Bospor. Utugurs remain on N. Caucasus from Dagestan to Derbent, under W. Goktürk Khaganate suzerainty

576
Goktürks establish Khazar Khanate.

576
Bulgars of lower Itil and Kuban are loyal to Goktürkish dynasty Ashina

576
Goktürks are on both sides of Kerch straight. Goktürkic army leader (Tma Tarkhan) on Taman peninsula, giving name to city Tmutarkhan

577
Goktürks invade Crimea

578
Slavs invade Ellada

578
Bysantium allies with Avars. Avars defeat Slavs, killing their Prince Davrit

578
Regions along lower Danube were in 6th and 7th centuries inhabited by Sclavinae, Antes, and Huns (probably Bulgarians). Moldavia and northeastern Muntenia were populated by Slavic tribe of Antes.

579
Avarian ultimatum by Kagan Bayan to sessede city Sirmiy. Tiberius refuses. Avars capture Sirmiy after a two tear siege

580
Presence in Istria of hostile to Bysantium Slavs and Avars. Avars were partly responsible for southward migration of Serbs and Croats

580
Slavic chieftain sacked Corinth

580
Avars conquered and plundered cities and strongholds in Hellas

580
Goktürks invade Lasica

580
Peace of Bay-djou with Kaganate

581
Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).

581
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Cheronesus as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.

581
Goktürks at Chersonessus walls

581
581-584 Devastating raid of Slavs through Thrace, Macedonia and Ellada. Settlement of Slavs in Thrace

581
Khans Ashina are Türks and are" wolves". Syanbian quean describes her husband Shabolio as Wolf by his personality.

581
Chinese revolt against Syanbinian dynasty. New dynasty received name Suy. Sinadized Syanbinian elite survived.

582
Avar Khagan Bayan attacks Byzantium in Thrace.

582
Kuturgur Hun Bolgars settle in Bessarabia and Wallachia, from which they will move to Moesia under pressure from Magyars, and make it Bulgaria.

582
Hunnic Khan Zabergan (558?-582) dies, Gostun becomes Hunnic Khan ruling over Kutigurs.

582
Shetu Kagan appoints Gostun Kutigurian Khan

582
Goktürkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Goktürks

582 EASTERN GOKTÜRK KAGANATE
582 - 840 A.D
Founder -
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
582 WESTERN GOKTÜRK KAGANATE
582 - 659 A.D
Founder -
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
582
582 - 602 Rule of Byzantine Emperor Maurice. First mention of Khazars in Byzantine annals, along with Bulgars and Barsils. Noted their coming from Bersilia, supposedly in Caspian steppe

582
Avar Khagan Bayan appointed Gostun as Kutriguri Khan (582-584 AD) (House Ermi) after Khan Zabergan's death in an invasion of Byzantium in northern Illyricum. Avars and Hunno-Bulgars attacked and seized Fortress of Sirmium on lower Sava River. Byzantium hastily concluded peace treaty with Avars, promising to give them an annual tribute of 80,000 gold coins

583
Avarian attack on Byzantium

584
Hunnic Khan Gostun (582-584) dies, Orchona (584-594) becomes regent of his nephew Kubrat

584
New Emperor recognizes queen Khan's wife as daughter, thus Shetu as son, thus recognizing previous traditions of trading with Goktürks as a form of paying tribute, and confirming privileges of Syanbinian elite. Shetu acknowledges vassalage to empire.

584
New Slav attack on Constantinople. Defeat and retreat

586
Avars and Slavs besieged Thessalonica

587
Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (Ün-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.

587
Byzantium peace with Avars

588
Shetu Khan (19) dies, Ün Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan) (16) (587-599) becomes Khan

588
China open markets for trade with Türks

588
582? Separation of Goktürkic Empire into East (Mongolia) and West (Turkestan) parts

589
W. Goktürk Khaganate campaign against Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars. Both Khazars and Bulgars are confederated (jointed voluntarily, not as conquered) into W. Goktürk Khaganate.

589
W. Goktürk Khaganate's Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth.

589
Invasion of Khazars, Greeks and Georgians to Agvania is repelled by Persians

590
Under dynasty Suy position of fubin worsened. Soldiers were moved from "military" lists to "Civil household lists", thus exemption from taxes ended. This was aimed against Syanbinian privileges left from Syanbinian overlordship.

594
Hunnic Regent Orchona (584-594) dies, Kubrat accends to Khanship (594-642).

594
Judging from some eparchial lists from end of 7-th or beginning of 8-th century, in 7-th century there was an Onogurian episcopate in Gothic eparchy. This attests early spread of Christianity among Onogurs

594
Theophanes Confessor and Constantinus Porphyrogeneus explicitly state that Bulgarians, settled on Balkans, had been called earlier Unogundurs

594
Byzantine patriarch Nicephorus calls ruler of Great Bulgaria khan Kubrat "ruler of Unogundurs"

594
Heir of throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs).

598
Kara Churin embassy to Constantinipole

599
Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) is killed, Kara Churin Türk (7) becomes Khan with title Boke Khan (599-604)

599
Chinese fight successfully in Ordos

600
Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) dies, Jangar (Tuli) (18) (600-609) assumes control of all Eastern Goktürk Khaganate, in vassalage of Chinese empire.

601
Byzantians defeat Avars

601
Th. Simokattes: Priskos, Byzantine general, defeated Avars in Banat and collected 9.000 prisoners, 3,000 Avars, 800 Slavs, 3,200 Gepidae, and 2,000 “barbarians”

602
Byzantium general Priscus defeats Avars. Bayan (c. 565-602) dies. Next Khan rules (602-630).

602
HAZAR EMPIRE
602-1016 A.D
Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf.
Area - Hazars separated from Goktürks and formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area

603
Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Khan of partitioned Western Goktürk Khaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.

603
Kushans rebel against Iran with help from Goktürks. Tocharistan separates from Iran

604
Rebellious Tele in basin of Selenga area pacified, but Djungaria and basin of Tarim did not return to Eastern Goktürk Khaganate.

604
New dynasty treat carefully descendants of Tobases (Syanbinians). Assimilated Syanbinians live along Great Wall from Khebey to Chanan. There were many large landowners and professional military pushed from power by Chinese landowners who took power.

604
Kara Churin Türk Boke Khan (7) dies, Goktürk Kaganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (604-610).

604
Nominally Djungaria and basin of Tarim entered Western Goktürk Khaganate. However Kibi on northern slopes of East Tian-Shan and Seyanto on S. Slopes of Altain-Nuru crest fought western Goktürks for 2 years (605-606) and gained freedom.

605
Kidanes revolt against Goktürk suppression

606
New state was created in Djungaria, under Kibi leadership, with a vast territory and including settled population necessary for nomadic state, in oasises Karashar, Turfan and Khami. Kibi's Prince Gelen took title Mokhe-Khan.

606
Leader of Seyantos Ishibo subordinated to Gelen but retained control over his tribe. State was likely a tribal union.

607
Order about outlawing a free trade of Chinese with Goktürks

608
Wars between Tele and Goktürks of Western Khaganate end.

608
Troops of Empire Suy attack Togon and destroy it.

608
Jangar Khan (Tuli) (18) (-608) died, his son, Shad Dugi, becomes Khan of East Goktürk Khaganate in vassalage of Empire Tan, under name Shibir (Shipi) Khan (25) (609-620).

609
Troops of Empire Suy attack Tele and Western Goktürk Khaganate

610
610-620 Avar Slavs raided Thessalia, Hellas, Aegean Islands, Achaia, and Epirus

610
Marquart: Leader of Unugurs (Unogundurs) Organa, founder of Bulgarian Dynasty Dulo, uncle of Kubrat Dulo, related to Ashina by female line, of most-western ulus, is baptized in Constantinople. Kubrat is not baptized.

610
Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.

610
Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611).

615
Tobases living along northern border of Western Wey stopped being Tobases long ago, but did not become Chinese yet. They are equally distanced from steppes and China, and equally close to both. Goktürks called them Tabgach.

615
In time of revolt Tabgaches participated because of warlike ancestry, but acted aimlessly, because lost organization and unity.

617
617(?) A defeat from Byzantines resulted in deterioration of situation for Avar’s Khakan. Alburi killed at court of Avar’s Khakan.

617
Shi Wey, along with Kidan, Togon and Gaochan submitted to Shibir Khan Khagan (25).

618
Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (618-630).

618
Bu-Yurgan refused to be elected Baltavar, saying, that he will be a bolyar, i.e. a cleric. On his advice, Kara Bulgars elected Alburi’s senior son Kurbat a Baltavar

619
Kubrat allies with Byzantium against Avars.

619
Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Goktürk Khaganate.

619
Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.

619
Baptism of "Hunnish Khan" in Constantinopole. Avars reach Constantinopole.

619
China breakes union with Goktürks. Capture of Khesi. Lyan Shi-du and Lyu U-Chjou invade N China with Goktürkic support

620
Shambat, younger brother of Baltavar Kubrat, on Kubrat order, builds in aul Askal on mountains Kuyantau city-fortress named Bashtu, present Kiev. Other names Askal, Kuk-Kuyan, Shambat, Kyi.

620
Shibir Khagan (25) (609-620) dies, Kat Il Khan (27) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Khaganate, free from vassalage of empire (620-630).

620
In 200 years descendants of Syanbinians assimilated in Tibet. Tsenpo was an inherited position, he received income from lands, taxes, tributes, confiscations and executions. But he could be dismissed at any time because he did not have support or real pow

620
Tibet army was under a special advisor. Tsenpo Nimry (570-620). In following history there is no Syanbinian role,

620
Avarian retreat from Constantinople

622
The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event

622
Union of Lu Shey-da with Goktürks

623
Several successfull uprisings of Slavic tribes against Avars are recorded, for example revolt of Vends in 623.

623
Avars reigned over a vast territory between Alps, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea

623
Shambat starts war against Avars, with Ulchis (Slavs) and Ugrs. Shambat captures Pannonia and calls his ulus Duloba (623-658). Baltavar Kubrat calls him Kyi (Separated).

623
Slavs attacked Crete

623
Byzantine authors recorded ethnic composition of Avar Empire as Avars, Gepids, and Slavs

623
Birth of Samo state, first political formation of Slavs, first mentioned in writing in 623

625
Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Goktürkic Khaganate

626
(Onogur?) Bulgars live in Trans-Caucasus on right bank of Kuban' to Don Different fr and rival to Khazars

626
Avars controlled all Kuturgur Hun lands Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars did not participate in Khazars' war raids into Caucasus Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars guarded western border of Western Kaganate Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars are allied with Tele (Dulu).

626
W. Goktürk Khaganate campaign against Sasanian Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars

626
Khazars and (Onogur?) Bulgars confederated (voluntarily, not conquered) into W. Goktürk Khaganate. Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured we

626
Kubrat proclaims independence from W. Goktürk Khaganate and assumes title of Khagan.

626
While Heraclius with W, Goktürk Khaganates fights Persians in Caucasus, Persians with Avars attack Constantinople. Avars retreat with heavy losses and in disgrace. Kubrat suggests sucking Avar Khagan and replacing him. End of Avar-Persian union.

626
Khazars ally with Byzantine under Emperor Heraclius (626-630)

626
Li Shi-min coup. Peace with Goktürks at river Vey

626
Greeks and Goktürks seige Tbilisi

626
Avars suffered a crushing defeat at Constantinople in 626

627
Seyanto tribe and Djungaria left Western Goktürk Khaganate and joined Eastern Goktürk Khaganate Kat Il Khan

627
Cinese embassy to Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Kat Il Khan

627
Seyanto and Uygurs, both Tele tribes, help each other in Goktürk Khaganate. Seyanto's Inan and Uygur's Pusa support each other.

627
Series of revolts against Avars start among subjugated tribes. Uprising of western Slavs, led by Samo, a Frankish merchant, resulted in founding of a Slavic state on territory of present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia.

627
Avars and Perians beseige Contantinopole

628
Khazars capture Tbilisi

628
Seyanto tribe with 70K yurts gains independence.

629
Chinese take fortress May in Ordos. Counterattack by Goktürks on all fronts. Srontsangambo enthroned in Tibet

630
Bulgars/Barsils are incorporated into elite of W. Goktürk Khaganate horde.

630
Great Bulgaria north of Black Sea under Kubrat (630-660)

630
End of rule of Khazars by Goktürk W Khaganate

630
Seyanto pursue Goktürk Chebi Khan who finds refuge in Altai valley with 30K army.

630
Avars treat Bulgars/Barsils badly as conquered people. Western Bulgars/Kuturgurs move to Bavaria, and are annihilated by Frankish king Dagober. Eastern Bulgars/Kuturgurs joint with Bulgars/Uturgur

630
Avar Khagan (602-630) dies. Next Khan rules (630-?).

630
Sibir-Khan (14) recognized independence of Bulgaria under Kubrat of Dulo dynasty, his nephew of feminine line.

630
Qarluqs rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Goktürk Khaganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).

630 Irbis Bolun Yabgu-Khan was to personify restoration of Türküt rule over tribal federations, but failed. Irbis Bolun Yabgu-Khan received nickname Sydjabgu, i.e. "treacherous" (Djabgu for Yabgu indicates "joking" dialect of Türküts), widely recorded in late antique sources as Silzibul, Zildjibul etc. Taken as a title, this name may also have been applied to following Yabgu's
630
Chinese Tang defeat Eastern Goktürkic and occupy Eastern Goktürkic Khanate (Mongolia). Kat Il Khan (27) taken prisoner by Tang army, Eastern Goktürk Khaganate is ruled by Tang Empire for 50 years (630-682)

630
630-640 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin

630
Türks of Ordos become known as Gok Türks (Blue Türks), different from their northern neighbors - Tele

630
80 K Chinese living with Goktürks are captured

630
Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Khaganate (619-630), per Chinese shronicle Tanshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola and Aral Lake, to Iranians, and advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands good bow-shooters.

630
W. Goktürks invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Goktürks clear S Caucasus

630
Xuanzang visits court of W. Türk kaghan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul

631
Seyanto tribe keeps independence.

631
Seyanto under China = 70K wagons

631
Uygur leader Tumidu, heir of Pusa, defeated Seyantos and seized their ranges. Emperor Taitszun sent an embassy to Seyanto leader Inan and recognized him as Khan, as a counterweight to Uygurs. Uygurs subordinated and recognized new Khan.

631
Seyanto state organized like Türk's. Khan's sons are Shads, leading Tolos (North) and Tardush (South). Army numbered 200K lances, smaller than was 1,000K of Gokürks' Shibir Khan.

631
Seyanto state successfully controlled all Türkic leaders except for Ordos Türks under Chinese protection. Some Ordos Türks move north into Seyanto state.

631
Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Goktürk Khaganate reunited.

631
New Seyanto state spread from Altai to Khingan and from Gobi desert to Baikal.

631
Kutugur's rebelion against Avars and defeat of Kutugurs by Avars

631
Samo Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gain their independence from Franks and Avars

632
Seyanto gave a blow from behind. Ashina Chuni, loyal to traditions of Eastern Kaganate, raised his army against Seyanto. He had 50K army without success.

632
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) is not trying to re-subjugate Bulgars

632
Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate

633
Kubrat unites Bulgar Kuturgur and Uturgur tribes and liberated from W. Goktürk Khaganate.

633
Kubrat organizes state, 2nd=kavkhan, 3rd=lchirguboyl ??

634
Seyanto tribe with 70K wagons keeps independence.

634
Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).

635
Kubrat escaped dominance of Goktürks and Khazars, by supporting Sibir-Khan in 630. He became independent, defeated Avars. Controlled near- Black Sea steppes

635
Kubrat sent embassy to Constantinople and received title of Patrician. Kubrat's Bulgaria joins Byzantium as Federatae. Byzantium becomes a bordering state with Khazaria of W. Goktürk Khaganate, controlling former Khazar territories.

635
In W Goktürk Kaganate nations that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Hun (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato

635
Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Goktürk Khaganate into 10-arrow Goktürks, of 5 Nushibi and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince).

636
Bulgaria hostile with Khazars of W. Goktürk Khaganate on East, with Avars on West, with Byzantium on South.

636
NE of Western Goktürk Khaganate controlled by Tele Khan Tong Shad Yabgu, who attempts to unite W. and E. Goktürk Khaganates.

639
Seyanto ally with Gaochan in defense of Gaochan from aggression of Empire Tan. Gaochan is attacked and occupied.

639
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) died, then (42), then cousin Bagadur, title = Irbis Yshbara Yabguu Khan (37)

639
Capital of 'South Horde' at Chu & Ili

641
Türks in service of Tan Empire are moved to north bank of Khuankhe and serve as a barrier against Seyanto.

641
Seyanto Khan Inan organized expedition against restored Goktürk vassal Khaganate on north bank of Khuankhe. Seyanto army demolished 80%.

641
Kipchaks have 100K people, 40K army, 90 K horses

641
Irbis Yshbara Yabgu Khan executed (37), his brother Yugu-Ukuk (38) selected Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (641-651)

641
Kipchak on Altai subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu

641
Boma on Enisey subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu

642
First Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman

642
Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Goktürks of Irbis Dulu Khan

645
Seyanto Khan Inan died

646
Remains of Seyanto Horde loose to Empire Tan army and are dispersed. Uygurs fought Seyanto with Empire Tan and become loyal subjects and fight in all wars for Empire

646
Seyanto Khanate was destroyed by Empire and their allies Uygurs, people were mercilessly wiped out. Remains of Seyanto dispersed by slopes of Beyshan, and joined Goktürks

646
Empire Tan breakes relations with W Goktürkic Khaganate

649
Türk Chebi Khan horde is resettled in East Khanganate vacated by Seyanto

650
Irbis becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (650?-….)

650
Kipchaks move to Upper Irtysh and E. Kazakhstan steppes under pressure from China and Uygurs

650
In village Nagi Szent Miklos in Hungary is found famous treasure, 23 golden cups with Türkic inscriptions, dated by Avar period (c 650)

650
Migration of Bulgars to middle Itil, attested to by burial sites in Shilovka and Brusyany. Burials are of Türkic nobility with complex rites and rich implements.

651
With loss of W.Goktürk Khaganate rule, former confedrate Khazaria with attached Bulgar Kutugurs, Alans, Slavs and Itil Bulgars gain independence. Khazars keep Kagan from Ashina dynasty.

651
Defeat of Khazar-Alan army by Abd Al Rahman Arabs in Euthrates battle.

651
W. Goktürks take Tinchjou (Bishbalyk = Head City)

652
End of first Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman

653
Ükuk (38) died, son Chjenchu (39) (653-659)

655
Khazars allied with Alans

656
Murder of Calif Osman. Civil war in Califate

656
Founded Khazarian state

656
Advance of Chinese inperians against W Goktürkic Khaganate. Rebelion of Baiyrku, Sige, Bugu and Tonra against Empire Tan. Sogdiana occupied by Chinese (657-700)

658
Great Bulgaria, Baltavar Kubrat's state, is divided into 2 uluses, Western Kara Bulgar and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, separated by river Shir (Don).

658
Kara Bulgar extended from estuary of (Danube) to Shir (Don). Ak Bulgar Yorty extended from Shir (Don) to estuary of Itil (Volga). Border went by river Aksu, including aul Kharka (current Kharkov). Bulyar was included as semi-autonomous beylik

658
Great Bulgaria's capital Bandja, renamed fron Onoguria (Gr. Phanagoria). Summer stan is Khorysdan or Batavyl ( Lord's stan), present Putivl. In between are two more stans, Tiganak and Baltavar, present Poltava

659
Tang defeat last rulers of first Goktürkic empire. Chjenchu (39) executed, end of dynasty. Western Goktürkic Kaganate ceased to exist forever. Yshbara Khan died

660
Khan Kubrat Dulo (24) (618-660) died, is buried 13 km from Baltavar, present Poltava, burial excavated in 1912, no anthropological, forensic examination

660
Kubrat's 1st son Bayan (Batbayan) is elected Baltavr and remains in Great Bulgaria, confederated with Khazars

660
Kubrat's 2nd son Kotrag resettled his Kuturgurs (Kotrags) West of Don, and in 730-740 they spread to E. Azov area to join Kuban Bulgars. Kotrag domain consisted of groups Barsula, Eskel and Bulkar (Bulgar)

660
Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh (Khan Asparukh) heads Onogurs (Utigurs)

660
Agvanian Djevanshir defeats Khazars

662
Tibetians penetrate Western region to support rebelling Türks

662
Arabs fight Khazars for Derbent

663
Dismemberment of Great Bulgaria - Divided up among Kubrat's five sons, third of which was Asparukh, Khan of Utiguri.

665
With death of Prince Samo first Slavic state is re-intrgrated into Avar Khaganate in 665

665
Kutlug (56) restores E. Goktürk Khaganate, becomes Elteres Khagan (665-691)

667
150K Kumans, Turkmens, Gok-Oguses and Kyrgises, confederated with Khazars, cross Itil from the east. Shambat and Asparukh battle Khazars, loose and flee to Bashtu, present Kiev.

667
Arabs defeat Peroz, last Sassanian shah, and cross Oxus River (Amu Darya) for the first time

668
Peace treaty between Khazars' Kagan Kaban and Kara Bulgar's Baltavar Bat-Boyan. Kara Bulgar is subordnated to Khazar.

669
Split of Kara Bulgar into W. and E. of Dniepr. West is controlled by Shambat and Asparukh, and East, including Bulyar, by Baltavar Bat-Boyan

670
Bat-Boyan Bulgars are defeated by Khazars. Khazars recover territory with east Bulgar (Utugur) and Alan populations.

670
Khazars under Alp-Ilitver defeat Bulgars

671
Large Horde of Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh, after death of Shambat in 670, moved west with Onogurs (Utigurs) and some Turkmen (Byzantian historians call them Bolgars from now on), to Danube and Pannonia district Kashan, between rivers B

673
Arab raids to Bukhara, across Oxus River

675
Bulgars arrive on Danube under Asparukh

678
Kubrat's 4th son Kuber (Ultzindur?) (Balkor?) moved from S of Crimea his Ultzindurs and Ultzingurs of Hunnish stock to Pannonia under Avars (678-679)

678
Kubrat's 5th son Emnetzur (Altsek) moved his Alciagirs, Alcildzurs and Alpidzurs from Crimea to Italy under Byzantines, to duchy of Benevetto/Abruzi region, Pentapolis at Ravenna.

679
Byzantine's Constantine IV attacks Asparukh Bulgars. Bulgars retaliate, take Scythia and lower Moesia, Pliska becomes Khans' new headquarters

679
Chuvash may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars. Tatars may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars

679
Territorially, Bulgar's split is along Kutugur/Utugur uluses, with Kutugurs independent of Avar and W. Goktürk Khaganates, and Utugurs remaining in W. Goktürk Khaganate sphere

679
Kubrat's Bulgaria is split into independent (Byzantium Federatae) west Khanate under Asparukh, controlling from Donets on East to Danube on West, and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, subject to Khazar Kagan from Itil to Donets, with capital Onogoria (Gr. Phanago

679
Kipchaks restored Goktürk Kaganate, second component = Sirs, descendants of Seyanto, became 'Kok Goktürk' = Blue Türks, known as Kipchaks from that time

679
Revolt Against Tan Empire

679
Asparukh Bulgars invade Thrace

680
Asparukh Khaganate includes Slavs. Asparukh Khaganate spreads into Dobrudja south of Danube

680
Asparukh 680 treaty with Slavs recognizes their self-government and territory. Slav princes participate in people assembly along with Bulgarian nobles. state administration consists of a Khan and 12 Great Boyls

680
Slav's obligation to Bulgars is to pay tribute and supply military contingents. state capital established in Pliska in Moesia

680
Empire of Avars peaked at end of 7th century (680 AD), after devision of Kubrat Bulgaria between Avars and Khazars, when it reached from Volga to Danube

680
In Avaria, men were laid down in tombs with their horses, arms, and horse-trappings. Tomb objects are characterized by geometrical ornaments pressed upon a print, with a certain degree of Byzantine influence

680
Arab raids to Khwarizm, Samarkand

682
Albanian missionary bishop Israel describes "Kingdom of Huns" (Belenjer) capital Varachan located north of Derbent, and Tangri cult of Northern Dagestan Baranjar (Balanjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bolgars, subordinated to Khazars

682
Kutlug is proclamed Khagan, title Ilterish (Country Creator) and oranized a second Khanate, appointing his brother Kapagan as Shad, and another brother Tosifu as Yabgy

683
Successful Türkic rebellion led by Kutlug Ilterish (56) and Tonyukuk, restoration of Türkic Goktürk Khaganate

683
Khazar raid to Armenia

684
Khazar raid to Cis-Causasus

688
Greek occupation of Cis-Causasus

689
Otuz-Tatars are hostile to Kutlug Khan state

690
Bulgar Khan Bat-Boyan (660-690) dies, succeeded by his son Bu-Timer (690-700) in vassalage of Khazars

691
Kutlug Khan (56) (682-691) died, succeeded by his brother Mochur (Bak-chor) (Mochjo) (Mochur) (57) (691-716) as Kapagan Khan

692
Boma live N. of Kyrgyz Khanate

692
Kutlug Khan subordinated Khalka

692
Kipchaks mixed with Kangar (Besenyos, Russ. 'Pecheneg') between Black Irtysh and Syr-Darya in Desht-i-Kipchak

694
Embassy from Kurykans arrived to China. Rebellion of Ashina Suytsy and his alliance with Tibetians. Chinese imperial troops crush Tibetians, Turgeshes and W Goktürks

700
Khazars are frequently allied with Huns of North Caucasus. Alp, Elteber of Huns of North Caucasus, is a vassal of Khazars. Huns capital city is Varachan (late 10 c)

700
Tatars lived north of Tatabs and Kara-Kibi, on Kerulen tributary of Amur river, in those times mostly engaged in fishing

700
Oguz tribe federation relocates in great numbers from Orkhon area to vicinity of Talas, then to Syr Darya. Oguz dialect separates from Eastern Türkic, and by 11th century Oguz language of Syr Darya differs from Eastern Türkic in lexicon and pronounciation

701
Khan Asparukh (679-701) of Danube Bulgaria dies, his son or grandson Terval (702-718) succeeds him

703
Busir (Ibousir-Glavan) becomes Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (703?-….)

703
Khazar royal princess ….. marries Bysantine emperror Justinian II to become Empress Theodora

704
Ashina Khayn subjugated Semirechye for Empire Tan. Shato subdued without fight. Subjugated Western Turks and bowed Karluks, Huvu and Shunishes

705
Khan of Danube Bulgaria Tervel aids Justinian II in regaining his control of Constantinople after a rebellion. Afterwards, Terval is crowned "Caesar"

705
Beginning of systematic Arab conquest of Transoxania. Qutaiba ben Muslim becomes Governor of Khurasan

706
Chinese break negociations with Goktürks

708
Chinese built three fortresses north of Huanhe against Goktürks

709
709 Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand. 711 Arabs capture Khiva. 712 Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand. 713 Arabs sack Kashgar.

711
Khazars help to install Phillipicus as a Byzantine Emperor

711
Goktürks suppress rebelion of Turgeshes. Divisions in Khorezm

712
Khan-Caesar Tervel, after leaving Justinian II to his doom, sees fit to avenge his death by raiding and looting southern Thrace.

712
Kuteyba subjugates Khorezm and takes Samakand. Emperor appoints Mohedo Tutuk a ruler of Samakand

713
Arab embassy to China

714
Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Goktürks at Lake Issyk-Kul.

714
Khazars loose Derbent to Arabs

714
Trurks are defeated at Byshbalyk. Shato subordinate to Empire Tan

715
Chinese beat back Goktürkic attacks on Beytin, and Arabs and Tibetians on Fergana 716 Luchen is taken from Kidanes. Turgeshes rebel against Empire and defeat Chinese and Karluks

715
Ases, and then Yasygs, are cruelly suppressed by Kapagan Khagan

716
Mochur (Bak-chor) (57) (691-716) Qapagan Khan died, after defeating Bayirku of upper Kerulen but killed on return trip. He was succeeded by Mogilyan (Mokilien) (63) (716-734), elder brother of Kul-tegin, installed by Kul-tegin. Peak of second Goktürk empire (716-734)

718
Danube Bulgars under Khan Tervel as federats of Byzantium defeat Arab invasion and save Byzantium. Khan-Caesar Terval (26) (702-718) dies, ?.. becomes Khan (718-725).

718
Orkhon Inscriptions on Tonyukuk slella are created, describing events and providing Türkic perspective. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources

718
Khazars invade Azerbaijan.

720
Goktürks' victory over Chinese imperians. Kashmirian Radj is given title Van

722
Second Khazar - Arab war (722-737) First campaign of Arabian troops led by Zh. Jirrah in Northern Caucasus against Alans and Khazars

722
Son of Türk Bilge Khagan, Tengru Khan, has 300K army

723
Khazars lose Balanjar to Arabs, move capital to Samandar

723
Start of massive Jewish emmigration to Khazaria (723-944)

724
In Avaria, after about 40 years, i.e., after 720 AD, figures of plants and animals were used more frequently, were cast and decorated. New art shows Türkic Asian features, probably a new population coming from east took place of earlier one

724
Second Jirrah's campaign in Northern Caucasus.

725
Danube Bulgar Khan ..?. (718-725) dies, end of Dulo dynasty. Sevar becomes Khan (725-740). Danube Bulgar Khanate expands.

727
Khazars invade Azerbaijan. Muslam's raid against Khazars

730
Khazar's Barjik leads 300K army to raid Azerbaijan (Albania?). At Arbadil, Khazars defeat entire Arab army.

732
Orkhon Inscriptions on Kul Tegin slella with a large and small inscriptions, and on Tonyukuk slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources

732
Otuz-Tatars moved from Goktürks to Amur-area taiga.

732
Khazar princess Chichek marries Bysantine emperror Constantine V to become Empress Irene.

734
Mogilyan Khan (63) poisoned, his son Yollyg-Tegin (Yijan) (65) died, his brother Bilge Kutlug Khan (66) succeeded as Tengri Khagan (66) (734-741).

735
Fubin annulled statuary. Chinese and foreign (Syanbinian) stratification was fixed and joining Chinese people was impossible. This started a new ethnical substrate. All non-Chinese could only join border army, hated by Chinese element

735
Campaign of Arabian military leader Mervan Kru in Alania. Alan king Itaz (Tr. It-As=Dutiful As)

737
Arabs force conversion to Islam. …... becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam for political reasons (703?-….)

737
Khazars loose Samandar to Arabs, move capital to Itil

737
Goktürks attack Kucha

740
Danube Bulgaria Khan Sevar (725-740) dies, Kormisos becomes Khan (740-756)

740
Ashina Sin is appointed a ruler of ten tribes, sent west and killed. After his death Dumochji is appointed Yabgu of three tribes

740
UYGUR EMPIRE
740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan (Bilge Kutlug Tengri Khan)
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia

743
END OF GOKTÜRK EMPIRE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)

744
Ozmysh Khagan (68) (742-743) killed by Basmils. Basmils failed to take control of E. Goktürk Khaganate, and Uygurs, with Karluk help, set Kuli Peilo Khan as Kutlug Bilga Khagan (11) (Tengrida Bolmish El, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan) (742 - 747). Creation of Uygur

744
Uygurs substituted one Türkic people for another, closely related, for hegemony of Mongolia, in the next century (744-840)

747
Khan Marduan of Daghestani Bulgars, Burjans, build a small wooden city, named city Marduan. Khazars called it Mardukan. Present Bulgar (Great Bulgar)

747
Tatars lose a battle to Uygurs N-W of Selenga. Tatars were caught at Keyre spring and river Tri- birkyu, and lost half of army.

747
Ay Tengrida Qut Bolmish, Tutmish Bilge Qaghan (11) dies. Bayanchur (12) (747 -759).

747
Created Shine-usu, Terkhin and Tes inscriptions. Inscriptions are in Old Uygur?? language in Türkic alphabet. Kagan Bayanchur (747-759) relates 6-th c events with "QSR=QASAR". Sources

750
Bulgars live along north-western shore of Caspian Sea

750
After living as neighbors of the Chuvash people for over 1,000 years, a part of the Hungarians moved to the south to "Levedia" in approximately 750 AD, while others remained between the River Volga and the Ural Mountains

750
Kengeres/Pecheneg/Kangar/Besenyos living west of Uygurs and are hostile with them

751
Defeat of Chinese armies at Talas river by a combined forces of Goktürks, Arabs and Tibetans. End of Chinese control over Turkestan. Paper starts spreading to Arabs and on to Europe

752
Tatars lived on eastern border of Uygyria.

753
Ilmish Kutlug Khan is Kara Khan of Goktürks

755
Constantine V (son of Leo III) builds a chain of forts along Bulgarian border. War begins between Danube Bulgars and Byzantines. After initial success, Bulgars are defeated.

755
Created Orkhon Inscription on Mogilyan Bilge Khan slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources

756
Danube Bulgaria Khan Kormisos (740-756) dies, Vinekh becomes Khan (756-761)

759
El Tutmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. El Tekin (13) (759 - 779).

760
Khazar Khagan Boghatur (760?-…)

760
Bulgar Khan Tat-Ugek renames city Marduan to Bulgar, which becomes a center of small Burjan kingdom.

761
Khan Vinekh of Danube Bulgaria (756-761) and all his kin assassinated. Teletz of Ugain clan and a leader of conspiracy is elected new Khan (761-763).

762
Khazars, led by As Tarkhan, invade and re-conquer Cis-Caucasia.
764 Khazars take Tbilisi

763
Danube Bulgaria Khan Telets seizes southern Thrace. Bulgars loose battle of Anchiel. Khan Telets (761-763) is murdered by hostile Boils for his failure. Umar, then Bayan (763-765) is elected new Khan

765
Danube Bulgaria Khan Bayan (763-765) is replaced by Toktu, then Magan, then Telerig (c.765-777) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood.

772
War between Greeks and Danube Bulgars. Khazaria unites with Alania

775
Leo IV "Khazar" emperor of Byzantine Empire (775-780)

777
Danube Bulgaria Khan Telerig (c.765-777) is replaced by Kardam (c.777-c.803)

779
Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Tonga Bagha (14) (779 - 789).

780
Leo II, greatson of Khazar Kagan, ruler of Abkhazia. (780-….)

786
Khazars help Abkhazia to free from Byzantine, and Abkhazia becomes Khazarian dependency

789
Tengride Bolmish Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Taras (15) (789 - 790).

790
Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Aychur (16) (790 - 795)

790
Shato subordinate to Tibet. Tibetians take Beytin and Kucha (Ansi) 791 Tibetians take Khotan

791
Franks met resistance on their campaign in area of Austria and Slovenia

792
Franks met with little resistance on their 2 campaigns in area of Austria and Slovenia because of Avar/Bulgar/Slav draught and famine

792
Avar leaders fought each other between 792 and 795, but Kaghan and Yugrush, his fellow ruler, were killed by their own men, who blamed them for draught and famine

794
Tibetians defeat Uygurs 795 Tatabs and Tatars are defeated by Chinese

794
According to archaeological evidence, Avars populated Banat, Crishana, and parts of Transylvania. Their number in Transylvania is not very high, but this is difficult to estimate. As in other territories, they probably lived together with Slavic tribes

795
Avars power broken, Franks destroyed residence of Kaganat. Nestor chronicle stipulates that all Avars died, but some retired to east of Tisza. Last reliable mention of Avars is from 822, and in 873 there is a record of uncertain character

795
Ay Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Qutluq (17) (795 - 805)

796
Avar Kaghan and his warlords abandoned their capital Rhing before Frankish host reached it in 796, but 90 per cent of Charlemagne's horses that advanced as far as Gyõr in 791 also perished of famine

796
Avar state, weakened by internal dissent, was destroyed by a combined Frankish and Bulgarian Khan Kardam attack in 796

803
Danube Bulgaria Khan Kardam (c.777-c.803) is replaced by Krum (38) elected to Bulgarian Khan-hood (803-814). Bulgars under Khagan Krum unite with Franks to crush Avar Khaganate.

804
Khan Krum's army has 30,000 chain armored heavily armed cavalry, vs. Byzantium's less than 400.

804
Khan Krum venture to become independent suzerain, lays off federatae status, become Tzar, and absorbs Slavic and Avar territories and populations. Policy program for next half century.

804
Charlemagne and then Pepin defeat and subjugate Avar Khan in Pannonia, rob 2 centuries of treasuries. In 805 Avar Khagan Zodan baptized with name Theodore. Theodore continued ruling as a subject of Charlemagne

804
Joint forces of Bulgars and Franks crush and annihilate Avar Khaganate.

805
End of AVAR EMPIRE in Europe
558-805 AD
Founder - Khan Bayan
Area - Pannonia, Balkans, Bessarabia, N. Pontic steppes to Tanais and Itil (Total Area - 2,500,000 Km2)
Seat of Avar kaghan and his warlords east of Danube in Pannonia, known as Rhing

805
Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (18) (805 - 808)

806
Manicheans arrive to Chanan from Uygurs

807
Danube Bulgars and Greeks fight

808
Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Alp Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (19) (808 - 821).

813
Bulgars take Adrianopole

813
In 813, Krum led a large army of Slavs and Avars against Byzantium and besieged Constantinople without success. He died in following year

814
April 13, 814 While preparing another attack against Byzantines, Khagan Krum (38) bursts a blood vessel and dies. Khagan Omurtag (41) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood (814-814). Boils rule Bulgaria - Chok (?) (?_?)

814
Khan Ditsen (40) (814-816)

816
Chok and Boils Danube Bulgars conclude a peace treaty with Byzantines to last thirty years, to be renewed every ten years

816
Khan Omurtag (41) (816-831)

817
Inhabitants of Samandar revolt against attempts by Khazar Khagan Karak introduce Judaism

817
Manichean missionaries are exiled to Uyguria

818
Danube Bulgars thrust to north as far as Kiev (818-820).

819
Kara Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)

820
Khazars found Sambata (sam = high, bat = stronghold) and Kiev ( kui = low, ev = settlement), settled by Khazars and Magyars.

821
Preslav is completed - new Bulgarian capital.

821
Kun Tengride Ulugh Bolmish, Kuch Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (20) (821 - 824)

824
Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuch Bilge Qaghan. Hazar Tekin (21) (824 - 832)

827
Danube Bulgars and Franks fight

830
Khazar Khagan Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) (830?-…)

830
Construction of Sarkel fortress by Khazars with Byzantium's help

830
Khzarian Kabars rebel against Bek (830-862)

830
First Rus Khaganate is established as ulus by Itil Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)

831
Danube Bulgaria Khan Malamir (42) (831-837)

832
Danube Bulgars and Franks sign peace treaty

832
Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839)

833
Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) sends an embassy to Byzantine asking to send engineers-fortificators to build fortresses against Rus' attacks

836
Danube Bulgar Khan Presijan (43)(836-852)

837
Magyars crossed Dnieper from east around 837, occupying steppe as far as Danube by year 860

837
Atelkuzu, largely consisting of Ukraine, Moldavia and Eastern Wallachia, favoured survival at time of warming. As drought spread, it was possible to move flocks up-river to cooler, wooded regions, where fishing provided an extra food for semi-nomads

837
Magyar tribes, and chiefly ruling caste, moved up river as far as Kharka, Bashtu, and Galich

839
Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839) dies. Kichik Tekin (23) (839 - 840)

840
Destruction of Uygur Orkhon Empire by Kirgizes. End of Uygur leadership of E. Goktürkic Khaganate

840
E. Goktürk Khaganate Kichik Tekin (23) dies

840
In about 840-850 AD, Hungarians were forced to move westwards to Atelkuzu (Etelkoz) and they then occupied Carpathian Basin in 896 AD living there to this day

841
Kyrgyz ambassador arrived in China

842
Muhamad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi works in Khazarian Kagan's palace, sent there by Caliph Al-Wathiq

>850
Bashkorts used prior to 9c antroponym 'Ishtek/Istek' (Asses, Ossian/Yassian people), and from 9 c became known antroponym 'Bashkort' from (according to Arab author Salam Tardjman) Khan Bashgird, whose horde lived in present area.
852
Khan Presijan (43) (836-852) controls Danube Bulgaria extending from Panonnia, Transilvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, to Donets ??, with numerous inhabitants (Slavs, Bulgars, Thracians (Vlach, Wallach, Dacian, Get)

855
Kara Bulgarian Baltavar Khan Aydar (819-855) died, Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) becomes Khan (855-882)

859
Khan Shilki lost battle to Khazar Kagan Iskhak at Baltavar (Poltava)

859
Kara Bulgar Khan Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) lost Bashtu (Kiev) and Urus (Novgorod) uluses to Khazars. Khazars oganize them as ulus Rus. Khagan Iskhak appoints Norman leader Dir (Bulg. Djir) of Slavic militia in Bashtu a ruler of Rus and Norman Ascold (Bulg. As-Khalib) a Viceregent of Rus

859
Shilki settles in c. Karadjar (Chernigov) with territory

859
Shilki's brother Lachyn becomes Khan of remaining Kara Bulgar with a capital in Khorysdan (Putivl)

859
Kara Bulgar Bashtu becomes Khazarian Kiev

861
Religious debate in Khazarian court (khazarian Polemic) between Cyril and Methodius, Rabbi Yitzhak Ha Sangari, and Muslem cleric Farabi Ibn Kora.

861
Khazar Bulan Bek, nobility and some common people convert to Judaism.

862
Chronist Nestor gives 862 as year of creation of Rus. Ruses are rulers of Slavs. Ruses live in military settlements and "feed" by spoils, a part of which was rendered to Jewish Khazars. Slavs are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Russes are ethnically different from Slavs: they shave their heads, leaving a braid on top, they wash before dinner in a basin. Slavs cut their hair in a circle, and wash under running water.

862
Viking warrior Hrorekr (Riurik) leads expedition to Staraya Lagoda and occupied city in 862

862
Hrorekr (Riurik) (862-879) takes Novgorod, the other brothers take two other cities. Eventually Riurik gained all three cities. Gradual conquest of surrounding Slavic states, raided as far as Constantinople. At his death, his son Ingvar is too young to ru

863
Khan Shilki re-unites Bashtu and Karadjar with Kara Bulgar. Knyaz Dir (Bulg Djir) submits to Shilki, Ascold (Bulg As-Khalib) escapes to Galidj (Novgorod? Galich?) Shilki restores himself as Baltavar of Kara Bulgar with capital at Baltavar (Poltava)

865
Khan Barys of Itil Bulgaria beylyk founded by Tat-Ugek, died, and Shilki, Khan of Kara Bulgar with a capital in Baltavar (Poltava) is proclamed Khan of Itil Bulgaria (865-882).

865
City Bulgar becomes a capital of Itil Bulgaria.

865
Shilki proclames Itil Bulgaria an Islamic state, without a Califate recognition

866
Established Kara Bulgar station Kolyn (Khlynov, Vyatka)

868
First revolt of Türkish soldiers against Abbasid Calif al-Mutaawakkil (847-861)

868
Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Türkish praetorian of Abbasid Califate, becomes an independent ruler of Egypt and extends his rule to Syria

875
Khazars built a glass factory in Hrodna (present Belarus)

879
879-882 Post Riurik (862-879), pre-Olaf period in Rus ulus

882
Khan Shilki (855-882) died, Bat-Ugyr becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (882-895).

882
Khan Alabuga of a Baryn line of Sabans starts a city, named later Bilyar.

882
Olaf (Russ. Oleg) (882-913) First serious Rus expansion. Dominated several E. Slav tribes as tribute states.

889
After 889, Besenyos break through Khazarian border guards and replace Magyars from Levedia

893
Catastrophically cold winter of 892-893 froze Itil and Don, made it possible for Besenyos, whom Oguzes attacked, to flee across frozen rivers into Atelkuzu, although some of them were stuck east of Yaik river

893
Besenyos stop their pusuit of Majars at Dniepr, spend winter near mouth of river Buh

894
Majar Prince Levente leads Khazar Kabars against Bulgaria

894
Besenyos in alliance with Bulgars start a second attack of Majars, forcing them to leave Atilkiji (Itil-Kiji, Atelkuzu) for Transylvania and Upper Tisza region

895
Bat-Ugyr (882-895) abdicates. Baltavar (Elteber) Almush (Almas), eldest son of Shilki, becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria, accclamed in city Bulgar (895-925).

895
Khan Almush Kara Bulgar census lists 550K, 200K are Saban-speaking Bulgars, 180K-Ars (Udmurts, Finno-Ugors), 170K-Modjars

895
Alans and Bulgars freed from Khazar power

895
Some Khazar Kabars settle in Transilvania/Hungary with Magyars.

895
Avaria (Pannonia) is divided between Slavic state of Great Moravia under Svyatopolk, and Turkic Khanate of Bolgaria. Bolgar Onogundur (or Onogur) settle there, possibly giving name to Hungary

900
Ibn Ruste lists three branches of Itil Bulgars: "first branch was called Bersula, second - Esegel, and third - Bolgar"

902
Varangian Rus mercenaries are mentioned serving in Byzantine naval expedition to Crete. Rus mercenaries also serve Khazars

904
Olaf (Russ. Oleg), Prince of Kiev (882-916 ), remains a vassal of Avar Khaganate, divided between Bulgarian principalities.(In 859 to Khazars??)

909
Rus raiders (druzhina) with Varangian (Varyag) allies captures Khazarian fort Abezgun on Caspian Sea

910
First missions of Christian preachers from Byzantium to Alania. Establishing Alan arch-episcopate. Peter as first arch-bishop of Alania

913
Kengeres, once a part of confederation of W. Goktürk Khaganate, were driven toward lower Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk Türks. They were grazing their herds between Yaik and Itil rivers

913
North of Sea of Azov Kengeres occupied Levedia, taking it from Majars, and then drove them from Atilkiji area between Dniepr and Lower Danube

913
Ingvar (Russ. Igor) (913-945) re-established control over Eastern Slavs

913
Khazars demolish Rus marauding expedition fleet

915
Besenyos appear before Kiev for first time in force. Prince Ingvar (Russ. Igor) signs peace treaty with them establishing a frontier between Don and Dniester

920
Khazars fight with Burtas (Steppe Alans or Asses), Oguz, Byzantines, Kengeres and Kara Bulgars

920
Itil Bulgar Baltavar Almush (Almas) allies with Caliphate as counterbalance to Khazars. Beginnng of minting of Bulgarian dirkhems

922
Itil Bulgars congress of Bulgarian tribes adopted Islam as state religion, built mosques and schools. Itil Bulgars start transition to Arabic script from Türkic script

922
Baltavar Almush takes a title 'Emir' as obligation to rule in accordance with Quran

922
City Bilyar becomes a province Baityuba capital and a 3rd sized city after Bulgar and Bandja

922
City Nur-Suvar (922-1246). Present Tatarskiy (Sham-Suar)

922
Established city Tukhchi, renamed in 1219 Djuketun (Chistopol)

925
Governor of province Mardan-Ballak Balus starts a city, named later Banja (Banja-Burtas). Present Syzran

925
Almush (895-925) died, Khasan becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (925-930). Almush is buried in Fortress Gulistan

930
Seljuks are from tribe Kynyk - one of 24 Oguz tribes. Oguzes live between Syr Darya, Caspian and Aral seas. Kynyks live near delta of Syr Darya

930
Yabgu rules Oguzes. Leader of Seljuk clan, Temir-Yalyg, nicknamed Dukak (Dokak), has a high position. He objects to a raid by Yabgu against other Türkic tribes, and sours relations with Yabgu. He and his tribe may be Moslems

930
Itil Bulgaria has 30 cities. Khasan built: Matak Nukrat Bandja (Samara ) (Center of Mardan-Bellak ulus) Bulyar (citadel in Bilyar) Kamysh Simbir Gazan-Deber Kashan Tukhcha Tau-Kerman (Sviyajsk) Tash-Bulgar Subash-Simbir Karadjar Djilan

930
Khasan (925-930) died, Yalkau Michail becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (930-943)

930
Khazars ally with Alans who adopt Judaism, and arrange a dynastic marriage

932
KARAHANID (Karahanli, Ilek (ilig)-khanid, al-Hakaniye, el-Haniye, al-Afrasiyab)
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes Initial center in Kashgar

932
Khazars ally with Oguzes

934
Kengeres join in Hungarian invasion of Byzantian Thrace

939
Khazar Baliqchi Pesakh defeats Rus

943
Yalkau Michail died (930-943), Mohammed becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (943-976)

944
Kengeres join in Prince Ingvar of Kiev raid on Byzantium

945
Helga (Russ. Olga) (945-962) is energetic in subjugating Slavs, exacting terrible revenge upon Drevlians, burying alive and burning their most distinguished men alive in a bath in Kiev, massacring 5,000 at her husbands funeral feast, burning Izkorosten with many killed or enslaved

944
All Gothic cities-colonies are robbed to foundation in raid of Prince Ingvar of Kiev

945
Start of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war

949
Talib, junior son of Khan Gazan, and grandson of Almush, organizes a regular army in Itil Bulgaria.

950
There is information about Bashkir Confederation in 9-12c under Masim Khan, starting with Khan Bashkort. Bashkir 'Shejere' listed Khans Muyten Bey and Maiky Bey at approx. 1220, witha list of 10 predesessors covering 9-12c.

950
Al Mas'udi (died in 956) describes 4 Türkic peoples: Ydjni, Badjkurt (Maskurts, Masguts, called by Herodotus (5-th c. BC), Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20), and C. Plinius Secundus (62-113 AD) Massagetae Scythians), Badjanak (Besenyos), Nukardi

950
Conversion of Karakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955)

950
Magyars living in Lebedia are vassals of Khazars.

960
End of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war. Chief Turkmen Khan Arslan is beheaded by Bulgar sardar Kukcha Amir

960
Besenyos live in Moldova (10th cent.-1171)

960
…... becomes second Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam (960?-….)

960
Karahanid Satuk's son, Musa (Baytas) defeated eastern Khan Arslan Han and carried off this branch of dynasty. Entire Karahanli State becomes Muslim (960). Afterwards, forced diffusion of Islam among C. Asian Türks turned into holy war. First case among Türks to abandon tradition of freedom of convitions and to force conversion of subject populations

961
After Dukak death, Oguz Yabgu appoints Dukak’s son Seljuk Syu-Bashi as head of army. Seljuk evacuates his tribe to Sugura, near Jend (Hojdent), bordering with Moslem countries. Relocation may be caused by Kipchak wictory over Oguz State or shotage of pastures

961
Seljuks (Salchukiyans, Sakachikas) together with Kynyk clan and other Oguz clans leave winter capital of Oguz State Yenikent (Ruins of present Jankent) between Caspian and Aral, with their cattle of horses, camels, sheep and cows, to Maverannakhr

961
M Kashgari: To live with Moslem Türks, multitudes of Seljuk tribes adopted Islam. Seljuk adopted Islam for political possibilities, and asked neighboring Bukhara and Khorezm to send Moslem scholars. Prior, they were called Turkmens, Karluks and Oguzes

961
Oguz Yabgu's Oguses arriving in Jend to collect annual taxes are driven out by Seljuks under pretext "We are not paying taxes to infidels", and started juhad war against Oguz State with Seljuk’s title Gazi. Start of independent Seljuk Beylyk in Jend

962
Svyatoslav (962-972) first Rus Knyaz with Slavic name. Numerous campaigns to assert his authority over eastern Slavs. Invaded Khazaria and destroyed its capitl Itil, and its major fortresses Samander and Sarkel. Allied with Constantinople against Danube Bulgars

962
Türkic Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan

962
GAZNELI EMPIRE
962 - 1183 A.D
Founder – Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)

964
Kengeres seriously threaten Khazaria

965
Byzantine governor (strategos) of Chersonesus asks Svyatoslav for aid against Khazars. Svyatoslav campaign to Don. En route he attacks Volga Bulgars. He raids Sarkel, Itil, and Tmutarkhan, also captures Chersonesus

965
Svyatoslav possibly signed agreement with Besenyos before crossing their territory. He allies with Oguzes. Purpose to gain tribute from Viatchi on Oka by removing their Khazar overlords. He also conquers Yasians and Kasogians in Taman-Kuban area

965
Kkazar Kagan temporarily converts to Islam for political reasons

965
Itil Bulgars gain independence after defeating Khazars

966
Bandja (Fanagoria), capital of Great Bulgaria in VII c, destroyed by Kiev Knyaz Svyatoslav. Escaped inhabitants established New Bandja in Jiguli on Itil (Murom setlement)

966
Khan Mohammed established fort Simbir (Simbirsk)

967
Knyaz Svyatoslav of Kiev seizes Khazar capital Itil

969
Khazaria, broken by Svyatoslav (called Barys by Bulgars), is divided between Itil Bulgaria and N. Caucasus Saklans

969
Inflow of silver dirhams from Bulgaria and Khazaria stops

969
Saklans receive territory S. of rivers Sal and Kum, Shir (Don), Kuper-Kubar (Khoper), Boryn-Inesh (Voronej). Khin (Sarkel, Belaya Veja) is a province ruled by Bulgar's vali

970
Khan Mohammed established fort Balyn (Suzdal) in Mary land

972
8 Besenyo (Bedjenek) tribes, under Khan Kura, of Kipchak stock with Oguz element, freed of Khazar dominance, defeat Rus Knyaz Svyatoslav and make a drinking cup of his scull. Bedjenek's continuous figts with Khazars, Byzantines and Russ

976
Mohammed died (943-976), Talib becomes Khan of of Itil Bulgaria (976-981)

981
Itil Bulgaria Khan Talib (976-981) died, Timar becomes Khan (981-1004)

985
Türkic Karakhanid and Gaznevit, and Iranian Samanid states surround Seljuk Beylyk. Seljuks fight with Karakhanids and Samanids. Samanids give Karakhanid Yabgu Arslan Israel with Oguzes control of Nur, near Bukhara

985
Seljuq Türks, a ruling tribe of Oguz, move to vicinity of Bukhara

986
Khazars present Judaism to Knyaz Voldemir (Russ.Vladimir) of Kiev, Itil Bulgars present Islam

988
Voldemir consolidates his possession of conquered city-states through adoption of single state religion. He orders conversion of subject people and launches built-up of Christian churches. Negotiations for military aid with Emperor Basil II end in agreeme

994
Formation of Türkic-Ghaznavid dynasty in present day Afganistan

999
Destruction of Persian Samanid dynasty by Türkic tribes

1000
Some Khazars in Kievan Rus are Slavicized and adopt East Slavic language (1000-1300).

1004
Itil Bulgaria Khan Timar (981-1004) died, Masgut becomes Khan (1004-1006).

1006
Itil Bulgaria Khan Masgut (1004-1006) died, Ibragim becomes Khan (1006-1025).

1010
Kipchaks are pressed by Kumosi- Kimaks and then by Kidanes and move west

1016
Last Khazar Khagan Georgius Tzul is cuptured by combined army of Byzantine Basil II and Sfengus, brother of Kiev's Grand Prince Voldemir. Khazaria loses last independence and territories of Crimea and Taman.

1016
End of HAZAR EMPIRE
602-1016 A.D
Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf.
Area - Hazars separated from Goktürks and formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area

1020
Kipchaks occupy Middle and Lower Donets basin, lower Don and N.Azov. Earliest Kipchak gravestone monuments are located west of Itil

1024
Lavrentiev Chronicle dates establishment of Suzdal in Merya land

1025
Itil Bulgaria Khan Ibragim (1006-1025) died, Azgar becomes Khan (1025-1028).

1025
One of Seljuk chiefs, Arslan Israil Yabgu, serves as auxiliary to Karakhanid's Ali-Tegin, against Ghazavids.

1026
Kengeres invasion of Byzantium is repulsed by Constantine Diogenes..

1028
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar (1025-1028) abdicated, Ashraf becomes Khan (1028-1061).

1029
Kipchaks control steppes from Itil to Irtysh

1032
Torgul-beg , with Daud and Arslan Israil Yabgu, acquires control of E. Iran.

1035
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established fort Khazar (Voronej)

1036
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established city Tyumen, center of Tubdjak ulus (Tyumen)

1040
SELCUK EMPIRE
1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder – Seljuk
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)

---




They dance tsifte-teli, sit on lounges, drink coffee & ouzo and eat feta, doner, dolmades, baklava, mezes, tzatziki, imam-baildi, souvlaki, moussakas etc.

Is Feta enough to make one Greek?

Huns are Turks (Turks have many tribes in Northern Asia).

They are great horse riders and great warriors.

Yes,

All except for the Hephthalites who were Iranic.

Also the Kushans(Yue-Chi), but they only made their empire after settling down and leaving their nomadic ways, so you cant call them Huns.

Scythians, Parthians, Hephthalites, Kushans=The Iranic peoples of the steppes

All the rest=Turks

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

Darada, historians and scholars rule out that Aryans are indigeneous to India just as Dravidians because they say that two races couldn't have happened in such close proximity. But Central Asia seems to be the birthplace of Aryans and Mongoloids, how's that?

My Grade 2 Greek school teacher was a hun. She'd have Attila running. ahhaah

uncivilized ppl in the north(now days--russia)depends on robin and wars to make livin

Nobody knows ehere the Aryans originated from, the working hypothesis is Ukraine. The Kurgans of Ukraine were the first Indo-European speakers.

As for Mongoloids(outdated term)It used to be assumed that the birthplace of the race was Mongolia, but today it is assumed that Southern China was the original home of the Sinitic races.

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

"knows ehere the Aryans originated from, the working hypothesis is Ukraine. The Kurgans of Ukraine were the first Indo-European speakers."

yes this is the most common opinion amongst historians, but an old one

"As for Mongoloids(outdated term)It used to be assumed that the birthplace of the race was Mongolia, but today it is assumed that Southern China was the original home of the Sinitic races."

I read it was Siberia, really

di_qui_non_si_passa

There's a Hun playing for the Turkish National Soccer Team...his surname is "Toraman"!



...below another representative of the altaic Turkic race, Ilkhan Mansiz...

He looks like my uncle Iftikhar...

"Who are the rulers of the lands beyond Guraiz and Burzil? The Darada Rajas."
The Rajatarangini

I think they are the ancestor of modern day Hungrians.

Great fighters.....really ugly baastards

Interesting people!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------


"The Eneny of my Enemy is my Friend"

"Iraq Prevailed in the 8 Year War"

Anyone who claims to know who the Huns actually were, doesn't.

The truth is, the Huns were probably of mixture of various Mongol like peoples, with large Slavic and Iranic elements, followed later by more European elements(in Hungry).

Most Hungrians have some Asian blood in them.

The Hsiung nu (Huns) were definitely Asiatic. Chinese imperial records would have recorded blond/reddish hair and blue eyes. The Hsiung nu were not recorded as such (neither were Turks and Mongols.) The Yue Chih (Kushans) and the Wu Sun (Tocharians) who dominated the Han imperial garrison states of Khotan, Kashgar, Kucha and Karashar were distintcly recorded as being blond and blue-eyed and their mummies are found all over western China today to prove it.



-------------------------------------------------
Love is a Big Fat Cuddly Panda

you-can-put-your-weed-in-there

Most Hungrians have some Asian blood in them


________________________________________________________________________--


genoma analysis on hungarian population show 13,5% of genes in common with asian pool

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns


An inaccurate sketch of Attila the Hun, probably from the 19th century, depicts him as European, though the only extant description of his appearance by a Roman court historian states that Atilla had "a flat nose, swarthy dark complexion, broad chest, short stature and small eyes, but full of confidence" among his features, suggesting physical features common among Mongolians.

I'd say they look more like the mongolians.

-----------------------------------------------
YOU