Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions



Focus: Chapter One




Page 9 (questions 1-4)

1) What do historians mean by the term renaissance humanism?


2) What made Petrarch aware that the renaissance, or rebirth, of classical learning was necessary in his time?


3) Why did Leonardo Bruni abandon his earlier studies to pursue the study of Greek literature?


4) What subjects made up the basic coarse of studies
advocated by Bruni?


Page 12 (questions 1-2)


1) According to Pico della Mirandolla, what quality did humans alone possess? What allow them to do?


2) How does Pico’s oration on human dignity exemplify the emergence of the new psychological outlook of the renaissance?


Page 16 (questions 1-3)


1) In way was Niccolo Machiavelli’s advice to princes a
break from the teachings of medieval and moral philosophers?


2) What was Machiavelli’s view of human nature? How did it influence his political thought?


3) Would Machiavelli’s political advice help or hurt a politician in a modern democratic society?


Page 20 (questions 1-2)


1) Why did Martin Luther see the papacy as the crucial block to any meaningful reform of the church?


2) How did Luther’s teachings undermine the power of the clergy and traditional forms of piety?


Page 22 (questions 1-2)


1) What was the theory of kingship by divine authority
embraced by kind James I of England?


2) What was the proper role of parliament, according to James I?


Page 25 (questions 1-2)


1) What was Thomas Hobbes’s view of human nature and what conclusions did he draw from it about the best form of government?


2) What has been the political legacy of Hobbe’s notion of the state?


Page 28 (questions 1-2)


1) How did the declaration of rights limit royal authority? With what result?


2) In what ways did the glorious revolution influence the American rebellion in the 1770s?




Focus: Chapter Two



Page 36 (questions )

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions
Focus: Chapter One

Page 9 (questions 1-4)

1) As far as the historians the term renaissance humanism means renewal of interest in the writings and ideas of ancient Greek and Roman writers, something that the church suppressed. Renaissance means reawakening and humanism is centered on human values and human interests.

2) What made Petrarch aware that the renaissance, or rebirth, of classical learning was necessary in his time is the fact that he believed that there was much to be learned from the ancients who generally put were on a much higher intellectual plane then much of the society at his time that was intellectually suppressed by church dogma.

3) The reason Leonardo Bruni abandons his earlier studies (of civil law) to pursue the study of Greek literature would be the fact that Chrysoloras arrived to his area from Byzantine Empire who introduced the study of Greek language and literature to Italians which in turns impacts Humanism.

4) The subjects that made up the basic coarse of studies advocated by Bruni would be the study of Greek literature and humanist educational program as well as wide familiarity with ancient Greek and Latin cultures.

Page 12 (questions 1-2)

1) According to Pico della Mirandolla, quality that humans alone possess is that humans have not been assigned a fixed place in the universe and that we are the ones that determine our own destiny. What allows them to do this is the fact that God bestowed upon us unique distinction or liberty to set our own path as species.

2) Pico’s oration on human dignity exemplifies the emergence of the new psychological outlook of the renaissance in the way that Pico like, many ancient thinkers, believed that it is humans that set their own path without any interference from outside factors.

Page 16 (questions 1-3)

1) Niccolo Machiavelli’s advice to princes is a break from the teachings of medieval and moral philosophers in a way that Machiavelli removed ethics from political thinking and showed complete indifference as far as Christian teachings are concerned. As far as Machiavelli is concerned the action of the prince should only be governed by necessity.

2) Machiavelli’s view of human nature was that humans are by nature selfish, cowardly and dishonest and this in turn influenced his political thought in a sense that he viewed humans from the standpoint of their limitations and imperfections thus as practically immature?

3) Machiavelli’s political advice would hurt a politician in a modern democratic society since Machiavelli did not recognize the values of liberty since he didn’t believe that humans are mature enough to govern themselves, on the other hand his ideas are more related to authoritarian and repressive governments that only cared of the end result such as Mao’s China, Stalin’s USSR or Hitler’s Germany.

Page 20 (questions 1-2)

1) The reason that Martin Luther see the papacy as the crucial block to any meaningful reform of the church would be the church dogma prevented progress.

2) The way Luther’s teachings undermine the power of the clergy and traditional forms of piety was that he disagreed with Pope and subjects such as papal power, justification of faith, interpretation of the bible and the nature of the clergy.

Page 22 (questions 1-2)

1) The theory of kingship by divine authority embraced by kind James I of England referred to his belief that his authority was derived from God and thus he believe that he had every right to rule without any restrictions.

2) The proper role of parliament, according to James I was that parliament was not to interfere with his governance.

Page 25 (questions 1-2)

1) Thomas Hobbes’s view of human nature was that humans were selfish and grasping and that human passions can only disrupt the societies order and as a result the conclusions he draw from it about the best form of government was that only an absolute ruler could maintain order although not under any circumstance.

2) The political legacy of Hobbe’s notion of the state was that the state was merely a useful arrangement that permitted individuals to exchange goods and services in a secure environment.

Page 28 (questions 1-2)

1) The declaration of rights limited royal authority in a way that it forced royalty to stop ignoring the representatives of the people to dispose of the royal office and to set limits on its power.

2) The glorious revolution influenced the American rebellion in the 1770s and one of the ways was that the colonists protested the British actions in the American colonies that they violated certain rights guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights.

Focus: Chapter Two

Page 36 (questions )

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions
Focus: Chapter One

Page 9 (questions 1-4)

1) As far as the historians the term renaissance humanism means renewal of interest in the writings and ideas of ancient Greek and Roman writers, something that the church suppressed. Renaissance means reawakening and humanism is centered on human values and human interests.

2) What made Petrarch aware that the renaissance, or rebirth, of classical learning was necessary in his time is the fact that he believed that there was much to be learned from the ancients who generally put were on a much higher intellectual plane then much of the society at his time that was intellectually suppressed by church dogma.

3) The reason Leonardo Bruni abandons his earlier studies (of civil law) to pursue the study of Greek literature would be the fact that Chrysoloras arrived to his area from Byzantine Empire who introduced the study of Greek language and literature to Italians which in turns impacts Humanism.

4) The subjects that made up the basic coarse of studies advocated by Bruni would be the study of Greek literature and humanist educational program as well as wide familiarity with ancient Greek and Latin cultures.

Page 12 (questions 1-2)

1) According to Pico della Mirandolla, quality that humans alone possess is that humans have not been assigned a fixed place in the universe and that we are the ones that determine our own destiny. What allows them to do this is the fact that God bestowed upon us unique distinction or liberty to set our own path as species.

2) Pico's oration on human dignity exemplifies the emergence of the new psychological outlook of the renaissance in the way that Pico like, many ancient thinkers, believed that it is humans that set their own path without any interference from outside factors.

Page 16 (questions 1-3)

1) Niccolo Machiavelli's advice to princes is a break from the teachings of medieval and moral philosophers in a way that Machiavelli removed ethics from political thinking and showed complete indifference as far as Christian teachings are concerned. As far as Machiavelli is concerned the action of the prince should only be governed by necessity.

2) Machiavelli's view of human nature was that humans are by nature selfish, cowardly and dishonest and this in turn influenced his political thought in a sense that he viewed humans from the standpoint of their limitations and imperfections thus as practically immature?

3) Machiavelli's political advice would hurt a politician in a modern democratic society since Machiavelli did not recognize the values of liberty since he didn't believe that humans are mature enough to govern themselves, on the other hand his ideas are more related to authoritarian and repressive governments that only cared of the end result such as Mao's China, Stalin's USSR or Hitler's Germany.

Page 20 (questions 1-2)

1) The reason that Martin Luther see the papacy as the crucial block to any meaningful reform of the church would be the church dogma prevented progress.

2) The way Luther's teachings undermine the power of the clergy and traditional forms of piety was that he disagreed with Pope and subjects such as papal power, justification of faith, interpretation of the bible and the nature of the clergy.

Page 22 (questions 1-2)

1) The theory of kingship by divine authority embraced by kind James I of England referred to his belief that his authority was derived from God and thus he believe that he had every right to rule without any restrictions.

2) The proper role of parliament, according to James I was that parliament was not to interfere with his governance.

Page 25 (questions 1-2)

1) Thomas Hobbes's view of human nature was that humans were selfish and grasping and that human passions can only disrupt the societies order and as a result the conclusions he draw from it about the best form of government was that only an absolute ruler could maintain order although not under any circumstance.

2) The political legacy of Hobbe's notion of the state was that the state was merely a useful arrangement that permitted individuals to exchange goods and services in a secure environment.

Page 28 (questions 1-2)

1) The declaration of rights limited royal authority in a way that it forced royalty to stop ignoring the representatives of the people to dispose of the royal office and to set limits on its power.

2) The glorious revolution influenced the American rebellion in the 1770s and one of the ways was that the colonists protested the British actions in the American colonies that they violated certain rights guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights.

Focus: Chapter Two

Page 36 (questions)

1) What leads Nicolaus Copernicus to investigate the motions of the universe spheres was that Copernicus believed that the sun was the center of the universe and that earth was but one of many planets that orbits around it.

2) The reason he feared to publish his theory was that he feared controversy and scorn that would have been caused by Christian dogmatic circles.

3) Cardinal Bellarmine rejected the Copernican theory on the grounds that Copernicus theories went head on head with the teachings of the Church.

Page 42 (questions)

1) Galileo Galilei's objection to using the Bible, as a source of knowledge of physical things was that he believed in natures uniformity and thus that laws of nature apple everywhere the same for earth and outside earth while the church believed that two sets of natural laws apply, one for earth and one of outside earth sphere. According to him, one acquired knowledge of nature by observing and example of that he observed moons orbiting Jupiter that proved to him that celestial body could indeed move around a center other then the earth thus earth cannot be the center of universe.

2) The point that Galielo was making when telling the story of anatomical dissection was that scientific experimentation and observation is the key to discovering knowledge and that even minds like Aristotle's has to be questioned and not taken for granted and much less the unscientific dogma of the Church.

3) Galileo's view on the use of Aristotle's works as a basis for scientific endeavors was unfavorable although he didn't object to reading him and examining his data.

Page 45

1) The intellectual attitudes that Francis Bacon believed obstructed the scientific discoveries of his time would have been that the universities simply put repeated Aristotelian concepts and discussed problems that did not increase the understanding of nature or contribute to human improvement.

2) The method of scientific inquiry that Bacon advocated was direct observation of nature and thus being one of the founders of empirical tradition in modern philosophy. He upheld inductive approach or careful investigation of nature, gathering of data and experimentation.

3) The way each one of Bacon's idols or false notions hampers human understanding is that science is practically scorn and attached by the carriers of the dogma who fear science for it is about to unravel the scientific truth that is in direct opposition to religious dogma without which church ceases to control mainly primitive peasant and illiterate masses to which science is the ultimate liberation.

Page 48

1) The reason Rene Descartes was critical of the learning of his day was that he believed that universe was a mechanical system whose inner laws could be discovered through mathematical thinking and formulated through mathematical terms and since Descartes lives roughly in same era with Bacon then we can assume that the teaching curriculum of the universities of the time was at least similar.

2) The implications of the Descartes famous words: " I think, therefore I am" were enormous since Descartes was searching for incontrovertible truth that would serve as first principle of philosophy and these words in fact mark the beginning of modern philosophy. Of course such words would be a mortal threat to the dogma of the church that wants exact opposite from its subjects.

3) Comparing Descartes' method with the approach advocated by Francis Bacon is that Francis Bacon was an English statesmen and philosopher but he himself wasn't a scientist while Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who understood that the laws of math are the ultimate laws of nature. First individual went much more in depth in his explanations then Bacon did.

Page 51

1) Isaac Newton meant by universal law that the same laws governed the movement of early and heavenly bodies thus laws of motion and gravitation are universal and this theory completed the destruction of primitive medieval view of the universe. The example of universal law he provided was gravitation and he showed that the same forces that hold celestial bodies in their orbits around the sun also make apples fall to the ground.

2) The method for investigating nature that Newton advocated was experimentation and astronomical observation.

3) In summarizing Newton's argument for God's existence is that Newton believed that complex universe could only have been created by a living, intelligent and powerful being that governs all things and knows all things of whom humans know nothing or next to nothing or as much as a blind man knows about colors.

4) For Newton, God's relationship to the universe is that Newton, who was devoted Anglican, believed that God did, after all, create this superbly organized universe.


Chapter 3

Page 55

1) Emmanuel Kant meant by the terms enlightenment and freedom following: enlightenment marked a new way of thinking where commitment to reason is central while freedom which to him meant freedom for men to make public use of his reason in all matters.

2) In Kant's view, the factors that delayed human enlightenment would be man's self caused immaturity, which is to be left behind, if enlightenment is to be reached.

3) The political implications of Kant's views is that several 20th century political movements have their origin in Kantian thought while many issue raised by Kant still retain their importance.


Page 59

1) Lockes, who was British statesman and philosopher, views are following: human beings are brutish and selfish for such is their nature, the origin and purpose of political authority stems from rational and secular source and that not even kings have right to deprive human beings of their rights, and finally the right of rebellion is justified if the conditions and the situation at had sees no other viable solution at hand.

2) Comparing Lockes theory of natural rights with the principles stated in the American declaration of Independence one can see that Lockean spirit pervades in the American declaration of Independence, the constitution, and the Bill of Rights and is the basis of liberal tradition that aims to protect the individual liberty from despotic state authority.

Page 63

1) The arguments that Francois Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, offers in favor of religious toleration are that he rejects church hierarchy and were repulsed by Christian intolerance while he accepted Christian morality and believed in God as a prime mover who set the universe in motion.

2) Voltaire ridicules Christian theological disputation because he was against primitive mindset of the established Christianity of his day, which he called "Christ-worshipping superstition", and he generally attached superstition, religious fanaticism and persecution, and other abused of the 18th century reactionary France while he was impressed by the progressive England and things associated with it such as liberty, toleration, commerce, and science

3) Voltaire by term fanaticism means religious fanaticism that is to superstition what delirium is to fever and what rage is to anger or a form of madness and the examples of fanaticism he provides is the events that occurred of St. Bartholomew's night in Paris when Christian fundamentalist were committing wholesale massacre of fellow Parisians who didn't attend mass, in one word utter madness. This was to be cured for this form of madness but by only and only through philosophical spirit, which should extend itself from one to another. Thus answer is knowledge.

4) Voltaire implied about the rationality and morality of war that war brings the inner caveman beast that is hiding within humans, a beast that has no idea what concepts such as rationality and morality could even possibly mean.

Page 67

1) The Christian Beliefs that Thomas Paine rejected and denounced Christian mysteries, miracles and prophesies as superstitions and the reason for that is that him, like other deists, called for a natural religion that accorded with reason and science.

2) Baron d’Holbach’s (Atheist that was a prominent contributor to the creation of first encyclopedia) critique of religion did affirm basic enlightenment in a sense that it critiqued religious from the scientific point of view and as a result he viewed God as a product of superstition and said that terrified by natural phenomena-storms, fire, floods – early primitive humans (such as cavemen and practically all the humans who were untouched by humanist ideas) not being able to understand them attributed them to actions of God or Gods whom they feared and tried to appease to rituals.

Page 74

1)

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions
Focus: Chapter One

Page 9 (questions 1-4)

1) As far as the historians the term renaissance humanism means renewal of interest in the writings and ideas of ancient Greek and Roman writers, something that the church suppressed. Renaissance means reawakening and humanism is centered on human values and human interests.

2) What made Petrarch aware that the renaissance, or rebirth, of classical learning was necessary in his time is the fact that he believed that there was much to be learned from the ancients who generally put were on a much higher intellectual plane then much of the society at his time that was intellectually suppressed by church dogma.

3) The reason Leonardo Bruni abandons his earlier studies (of civil law) to pursue the study of Greek literature would be the fact that Chrysoloras arrived to his area from Byzantine Empire who introduced the study of Greek language and literature to Italians which in turns impacts Humanism.

4) The subjects that made up the basic coarse of studies advocated by Bruni would be the study of Greek literature and humanist educational program as well as wide familiarity with ancient Greek and Latin cultures.

Page 12 (questions 1-2)

1) According to Pico della Mirandolla, quality that humans alone possess is that humans have not been assigned a fixed place in the universe and that we are the ones that determine our own destiny. What allows them to do this is the fact that God bestowed upon us unique distinction or liberty to set our own path as species.

2) Pico's oration on human dignity exemplifies the emergence of the new psychological outlook of the renaissance in the way that Pico like, many ancient thinkers, believed that it is humans that set their own path without any interference from outside factors.

Page 16 (questions 1-3)

1) Niccolo Machiavelli's advice to princes is a break from the teachings of medieval and moral philosophers in a way that Machiavelli removed ethics from political thinking and showed complete indifference as far as Christian teachings are concerned. As far as Machiavelli is concerned the action of the prince should only be governed by necessity.

2) Machiavelli's view of human nature was that humans are by nature selfish, cowardly and dishonest and this in turn influenced his political thought in a sense that he viewed humans from the standpoint of their limitations and imperfections thus as practically immature?

3) Machiavelli's political advice would hurt a politician in a modern democratic society since Machiavelli did not recognize the values of liberty since he didn't believe that humans are mature enough to govern themselves, on the other hand his ideas are more related to authoritarian and repressive governments that only cared of the end result such as Mao's China, Stalin's USSR or Hitler's Germany.

Page 20 (questions 1-2)

1) The reason that Martin Luther see the papacy as the crucial block to any meaningful reform of the church would be the church dogma prevented progress.

2) The way Luther's teachings undermine the power of the clergy and traditional forms of piety was that he disagreed with Pope and subjects such as papal power, justification of faith, interpretation of the bible and the nature of the clergy.

Page 22 (questions 1-2)

1) The theory of kingship by divine authority embraced by kind James I of England referred to his belief that his authority was derived from God and thus he believe that he had every right to rule without any restrictions.

2) The proper role of parliament, according to James I was that parliament was not to interfere with his governance.

Page 25 (questions 1-2)

1) Thomas Hobbes's view of human nature was that humans were selfish and grasping and that human passions can only disrupt the societies order and as a result the conclusions he draw from it about the best form of government was that only an absolute ruler could maintain order although not under any circumstance.

2) The political legacy of Hobbe's notion of the state was that the state was merely a useful arrangement that permitted individuals to exchange goods and services in a secure environment.

Page 28 (questions 1-2)

1) The declaration of rights limited royal authority in a way that it forced royalty to stop ignoring the representatives of the people to dispose of the royal office and to set limits on its power.

2) The glorious revolution influenced the American rebellion in the 1770s and one of the ways was that the colonists protested the British actions in the American colonies that they violated certain rights guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights.

Focus: Chapter Two

Page 36 (questions)

1) What leads Nicolaus Copernicus to investigate the motions of the universe spheres was that Copernicus believed that the sun was the center of the universe and that earth was but one of many planets that orbits around it.

2) The reason he feared to publish his theory was that he feared controversy and scorn that would have been caused by Christian dogmatic circles.

3) Cardinal Bellarmine rejected the Copernican theory on the grounds that Copernicus theories went head on head with the teachings of the Church.

Page 42 (questions)

1) Galileo Galilei's objection to using the Bible, as a source of knowledge of physical things was that he believed in natures uniformity and thus that laws of nature apple everywhere the same for earth and outside earth while the church believed that two sets of natural laws apply, one for earth and one of outside earth sphere. According to him, one acquired knowledge of nature by observing and example of that he observed moons orbiting Jupiter that proved to him that celestial body could indeed move around a center other then the earth thus earth cannot be the center of universe.

2) The point that Galielo was making when telling the story of anatomical dissection was that scientific experimentation and observation is the key to discovering knowledge and that even minds like Aristotle's has to be questioned and not taken for granted and much less the unscientific dogma of the Church.

3) Galileo's view on the use of Aristotle's works as a basis for scientific endeavors was unfavorable although he didn't object to reading him and examining his data.

Page 45

1) The intellectual attitudes that Francis Bacon believed obstructed the scientific discoveries of his time would have been that the universities simply put repeated Aristotelian concepts and discussed problems that did not increase the understanding of nature or contribute to human improvement.

2) The method of scientific inquiry that Bacon advocated was direct observation of nature and thus being one of the founders of empirical tradition in modern philosophy. He upheld inductive approach or careful investigation of nature, gathering of data and experimentation.

3) The way each one of Bacon's idols or false notions hampers human understanding is that science is practically scorn and attached by the carriers of the dogma who fear science for it is about to unravel the scientific truth that is in direct opposition to religious dogma without which church ceases to control mainly primitive peasant and illiterate masses to which science is the ultimate liberation.

Page 48

1) The reason Rene Descartes was critical of the learning of his day was that he believed that universe was a mechanical system whose inner laws could be discovered through mathematical thinking and formulated through mathematical terms and since Descartes lives roughly in same era with Bacon then we can assume that the teaching curriculum of the universities of the time was at least similar.

2) The implications of the Descartes famous words: " I think, therefore I am" were enormous since Descartes was searching for incontrovertible truth that would serve as first principle of philosophy and these words in fact mark the beginning of modern philosophy. Of course such words would be a mortal threat to the dogma of the church that wants exact opposite from its subjects.

3) Comparing Descartes' method with the approach advocated by Francis Bacon is that Francis Bacon was an English statesmen and philosopher but he himself wasn't a scientist while Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who understood that the laws of math are the ultimate laws of nature. First individual went much more in depth in his explanations then Bacon did.

Page 51

1) Isaac Newton meant by universal law that the same laws governed the movement of early and heavenly bodies thus laws of motion and gravitation are universal and this theory completed the destruction of primitive medieval view of the universe. The example of universal law he provided was gravitation and he showed that the same forces that hold celestial bodies in their orbits around the sun also make apples fall to the ground.

2) The method for investigating nature that Newton advocated was experimentation and astronomical observation.

3) In summarizing Newton's argument for God's existence is that Newton believed that complex universe could only have been created by a living, intelligent and powerful being that governs all things and knows all things of whom humans know nothing or next to nothing or as much as a blind man knows about colors.

4) For Newton, God's relationship to the universe is that Newton, who was devoted Anglican, believed that God did, after all, create this superbly organized universe.


Chapter 3

Page 55

1) Emmanuel Kant meant by the terms enlightenment and freedom following: enlightenment marked a new way of thinking where commitment to reason is central while freedom which to him meant freedom for men to make public use of his reason in all matters.

2) In Kant's view, the factors that delayed human enlightenment would be man's self caused immaturity, which is to be left behind, if enlightenment is to be reached.

3) The political implications of Kant's views is that several 20th century political movements have their origin in Kantian thought while many issue raised by Kant still retain their importance.


Page 59

1) Lockes, who was British statesman and philosopher, views are following: human beings are brutish and selfish for such is their nature, the origin and purpose of political authority stems from rational and secular source and that not even kings have right to deprive human beings of their rights, and finally the right of rebellion is justified if the conditions and the situation at had sees no other viable solution at hand.

2) Comparing Lockes theory of natural rights with the principles stated in the American declaration of Independence one can see that Lockean spirit pervades in the American declaration of Independence, the constitution, and the Bill of Rights and is the basis of liberal tradition that aims to protect the individual liberty from despotic state authority.

Page 63

1) The arguments that Francois Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, offers in favor of religious toleration are that he rejects church hierarchy and were repulsed by Christian intolerance while he accepted Christian morality and believed in God as a prime mover who set the universe in motion.

2) Voltaire ridicules Christian theological disputation because he was against primitive mindset of the established Christianity of his day, which he called "Christ-worshipping superstition", and he generally attached superstition, religious fanaticism and persecution, and other abused of the 18th century reactionary France while he was impressed by the progressive England and things associated with it such as liberty, toleration, commerce, and science

3) Voltaire by term fanaticism means religious fanaticism that is to superstition what delirium is to fever and what rage is to anger or a form of madness and the examples of fanaticism he provides is the events that occurred of St. Bartholomew's night in Paris when Christian fundamentalist were committing wholesale massacre of fellow Parisians who didn't attend mass, in one word utter madness. This was to be cured for this form of madness but by only and only through philosophical spirit, which should extend itself from one to another. Thus answer is knowledge.

4) Voltaire implied about the rationality and morality of war that war brings the inner caveman beast that is hiding within humans, a beast that has no idea what concepts such as rationality and morality could even possibly mean.

Page 67

1) The Christian Beliefs that Thomas Paine rejected and denounced Christian mysteries, miracles and prophesies as superstitions and the reason for that is that him, like other deists, called for a natural religion that accorded with reason and science.

2) Baron d'Holbach's (Atheist that was a prominent contributor to the creation of first encyclopedia) critique of religion did affirm basic enlightenment in a sense that it critiqued religious from the scientific point of view and as a result he viewed God as a product of superstition and said that terrified by natural phenomena-storms, fire, floods - early primitive humans (such as cavemen and practically all the humans who were untouched by humanist ideas) not being able to understand them attributed them to actions of God or Gods whom they feared and tried to appease to rituals.

Page 74

1)

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions


Page 74

1) According to John Locke, knowledge originates in experiance and has two sources - the senses and reflection. What does this mean is that is that humans are essecially born without having any form of prior knowlegde and that future knowledge they might accumulate is a sum of all senses and reflections or with one words experiance through which they learn. What makes this knowledge so revolutionary is that humans are seen as sort of self made through experiances type of beings.

2) Locke's view of the origin of knowledge compares to that of Rene Descartes in a sense that also Descartes believes in the authonomy of mind and that reason is the major force behind reasoning. The view that I favor (or another alternative) would be combination of both theories.

3) I would categorize Locke's general theory of education as revolutionary. On the question is it compatible with his theory of knowledge I would say yes it is.

4) The implications that Locke's theory of knowledge and educational theory have for his conception of human nature are that humans can learn from experiance and human children should be exposed to nature to learn.

5) Claude Helvetius may be regarded as a disciple of John Locke since he alsdo emphazed the imprtance of enviornment
while believing humans are perfectable. The way that he expanded the importance of Locke's ideas is that he believed humans are perfectable.

6) Rousseu's basic approach to educating children was that chilren should not be trated like little adults, that children should be instilled with self-confidence, self-reliance, emotional security and that their major source of eduction should be through direct contact with enviornment or nature.

7) In comparing Rousseu's theory of education with Locke's I believe that Rousseu was more on the mark when it comes to chilren education. Similarity of their views can be seen in the way they viewed that chilren should be ecuatated. Implications they have for their respective conceptions of human nature are enormous and consists of realisation that chilren (future of human kind thus essencial) have to be carefully reared and educated with emphasis being envionment and nature or rather contact with it.


Page 77

1) The reason why the publication of Encyclopedia was a huge step of philospohes' hopes for reforms is that encyclopedia would unable a larger number of people access to enligtenment thoughts and ideas that would further progress society.

2) John Locke's political ideals were reflected in the Encyclopedia to the extent that they sorved as somewhat guidance as to the way human thirst for knowledge should be approached.

3) Freedom for the press was of such significance to the elightened philosophes since as I said a larger number of people would have an access to enligtenment thoughts and ideas that would further progress society.

Page 81

1) Jean Jacques Rousseu means by "general will" is a underliying principle that represents whatever is the best course for the community and the function that it served in political theory was obidience to law.

2) The reason why some thinkers view Rousseu as champion of democracy was that Greek city states were admired by him while on the other hand others see him as spiritual precursor of totalitarianism since he believed that human nature is corruptable by knowlegde/freedom.

Page 84

1) His arguments were that it was irrational and inhuman.

2) The part where he believed that it is irrational and inhuman and thus invalid since enlightenments deals with rationality and humanity.

3) Abuses were cruel and extreme such as even hjaving no allowence of food at all.

Page 88

1) Because the artifical standards were founmd to be unnatural in many other parts of the world.

2) In a negative way.

3) As a more natural example and thus more accurate one.

4) Churches dogma was unnatural and unrealistic thus false.


Page 93

1) "Men and their liberty are not objects of commerce.."

2) Violation of human rights.

3) Participoants of the slave trade were warned.

4) Misuse of bible.


Page 95

1) Enlightenment was sought.

2) No it was not, it was iternal reformation.

3) Progress of human mind.


Page 105

1) Abuses were rising birthrate, unjust and corrupt tax system, excessive taxes, etc.

2) 'Capitaineries' were a dreadful scourge because whe whole herds (reserved for hunting purposes for nobles, royalty) of wild animals destroyed crops.

3) Those principles were the main aim.

4) Expressed the reformist hopes of the third estate.

5) They were of no importance.

6) Utmost importance.


Page 107

1) Declarecation states about political liberty that people are the source of political power and limitations exist in stoping any abuse of people.

2) Influence is seen in the general ideas shown.

3) Todays western outlook stemms direcly from these ideals.

Page 114

1) Achieving equality and societal equilibrium.

2) Because women were not equal.

3) By becoming emacipated.

4) Abolition of slavery based on elightenment ideas.

5) On grounds based on elightenment ideas.

6) The represent thirst for freedom.


Page 118

1) New method.

2) Jacobin's radicalism. Virtue was democracy.

3) On grounds that it ensures progress by eliminating the enemy.

4) Sigh of his extremism.


Page 122

1) Babeuf's views are communist like.

2) By going a step further and proposing no private property.


Page 126

1) By boosting nationalism.

2) Succesfully by molding the public opinion.

3) Schoolschilren had to memorize.

4) Very seriously in spreading them across Europe althougfh he was a dictator.


Page 133

1) Technology was also pocessed.

2) Predictability.

3) Mass production.


Page 135

1) Productivity.

2) By materialism and trift.

3) State.

4) No.


Page 140

1) Less then 18. Massive number of hours and throughout the day.

2) Bigger profit margin.

3) Beatings.


Page 145

1) Results were liberation of economic production.

2) To let the economy flow freely. Disagree since I firmly believe in sorial-democracy.

3) That overpopulation was a real threat and poor should be left to their devices.

4) In a sense that poor should be left to their devices.

5) Cause he was a realist and this particular thruth humans cannot stomack.

6) Surely, cince today earth is more populated then ever before in its history and the reason is mass production and tech advince.


Page 162

1) To the spread of liberal ideas to Russia.


Page 164

1) Nationalism was the reason.

2) He was a combination of enlightenment ideals and nationalism.


Page 169

1) Extreme poverty.

2) Leftist idelogy.

3) Communist like ideals.

4) Revolutions afterwards spreads to German states.

5) The most enlightened and progressive populatiuon as well as prone to change are students.



Page 175

1) As it truly is.

2) In asserting that literature can also be a science.

3) His potrial was realistic.

4) Hipocrasy of society since they didnt care foor poor.



Page 180

1) That opulation repoduces faster then resources permit.

2) Through natural selection.

3) The beast within remains.


Page 183


1) Dislike and inferiority complex versus science.

2) Darwin used science and clergy used madness.


Page 189

1) Between workers and capitalists. 1848.

2) By being anti-labor.

3) As abusive and expoloitative.

4) Cause it is reactionary. Workers themselves.

5) Rulers make the rules. Agree.

6) Yes they have since the communist reolutions happened.


Page 193

1) To prevent powerfull from expoloiting the weak.

2) He was opponent and he believe in such case it would lead to slavery and socialism. Yes.

3) Blind following of the rules. Yes.

4) His concept was capitalism and Hobhouse was socialism.



Page 199

1) Justified.

2) Landlords.



Page 217

1) The shere course of events in her life. No choise.

2) More data colected.

3) Discent into misery.

4) Called Public women and their work as public service. Accurate to some extent and legalisation would make matters under more control while decreasing the unknown.


Page 228

1) History itself.

2) Obidience. Equality is the goal.

3) To prevent further abuse.

4) Male sauvinism.

5) They viewed women as evil, stupid animals.

6) Disabilities of women.

7) Cause he didnt think they will effectively change anything.



Page 238

1) Semitic characteristics of Jews and Teutonic of Germans.

2) End of Germany.

3) Attemp to back it with some science.

4) Need for hate. Extremists.

5) Racial differences.

6) Non-jews there. Non-predictable. Vital.

7) Cause of the anti-semitic threat.


Page 250

1) Pro-british and anti-african imperialism.

2) Racism and supremism.

3) The british empire depends on imperialism.

4) Imperialism was justifed by nature (stronger rules over weaker)

5) By keeping it pure.

6) He wanted social reform.

7) He was against it.



Page 255

1) To strenthen its economy. Army.

2) No, he was being dipolomatic.

3) Location was a given and stronger was missing.

4) Emigration, finance and international relatiions.


Page 267

1) Force. No.

2) Genocide. On blood.

3) Racist attitudes.

4) Intially favorable. He did.

5) Keep distance.



Page 289

1) Direct connection.

2) Sheep mentality takes over.

3) Hitlers Germany.



Page 297

1) To freached desired outcome.

2) To the state.

3) As inspiration to others.

4) He viewed war as biological neccesity, stonger will survive and project his will.

5) Cause he believed that Militarism impedes progress.



Page 310

1) In a state of shock intially.

2) Horror cause by war.

3) Rage was the feeling.

4) All of them are powerful.



Page 314

1) More insight into war situation.

2) Higher classes were given better army postions and women were given most menial army jobs.

3) Cause of opposition to female employment.



4)

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Answering Review Questions


Page 74

1) According to John Locke, knowledge originates in experience and has two sources - the senses and reflection. What does this mean is that is that humans are especially born without having any form of prior knowledge and that future knowledge they might accumulate is a sum of all senses and reflections or with one words experience through which they learn. What makes this knowledge so revolutionary is that humans are seen as sort of self-made through experiences type of beings.

2) Locke's view of the origin of knowledge compares to that of Rene Descartes in a sense that also Descartes believes in the autonomy of mind and that reason is the major force behind reasoning. The view that I favor (or another alternative) would be combination of both theories.

3) I would categorize Locke's general theory of education as revolutionary. On the question is it compatible with his theory of knowledge I would say yes it is.

4) The implications that Locke's theory of knowledge and educational theory have for his conception of human nature are that humans can learn from experience and human children should be exposed to nature to learn.

5) Claude Helvetius may be regarded as a disciple of John Locke since he also emphasized the importance of environment
while believing humans are perfectible. The way that he expanded the importance of Locke's ideas is that he believed humans are perfectible.

6) Rousseu's basic approach to educating children was that children should not be treated like little adults, that children should be instilled with self-confidence, self-reliance, emotional security and that their major source of education should be through direct contact with environment or nature.

7) In comparing Rousseu's theory of education with Locke's I believe that Rousseu was more on the mark when it comes to children education. Similarity of their views can be seen in the way they viewed that children should be educated. Implications they have for their respective conceptions of human nature are enormous and consists of realization that children (future of human kind thus essential) have to be carefully reared and educated with emphasis being environment and nature or rather contact with it.


Page 77

1) The reason why the publication of Encyclopedia was a huge step of philospohes' hopes for reforms is that encyclopedia would unable a larger number of people access to enlightenment thoughts and ideas that would further progress society.

2) John Locke's political ideals were reflected in the Encyclopedia to the extent that they served as somewhat guidance as to the way human thirst for knowledge should be approached.

3) Freedom for the press was of such significance to the enlightened philosophes since as I said a larger number of people would have an access to enlightenment thoughts and ideas that would further progress society.

Page 81

1) Jean Jacques Rousseu means by "general will" is a underlying principle that represents whatever is the best course for the community and the function that it served in political theory was obedience to law.

2) The reason why some thinkers view Rousseu as champion of democracy was that Greek city states were admired by him while on the other hand others see him as spiritual precursor of totalitarianism since he believed that human nature is corruptible by knowledge/freedom.

Page 84

1) His arguments were that it was irrational and inhuman.

2) The part where he believed that it is irrational and inhuman and thus invalid since enlightenments deals with rationality and humanity.

3) Abuses were cruel and extreme such as even having no allowance of food at all.

Page 88

1) Reason is that artificial standards were found to be unnatural in many other parts of the world.

2) In a negative way.

3) As a more natural example and thus more accurate one.

4) Churches dogma was unnatural and unrealistic thus false.


Page 93

1) "Men and their liberty are not objects of commerce.."

2) Violation of human rights.

3) Participants of the slave trade were warned.

4) Misuse of bible.


Page 95

1) Enlightenment was sought.

2) No it was not, it was internal reformation.

3) Progress of human mind.


Page 105

1) Abuses were rising birthrate, unjust and corrupt tax system, excessive taxes, etc.

2) 'Capitaineries' were a dreadful scourge because when whole herds (reserved for hunting purposes for nobles, royalty) of wild animals destroyed crops.

3) Those principles were the main aim.

4) Expressed the reformist hopes of the third estate.

5) They were of no importance.

6) Utmost importance.


Page 107

1) Declaration states about political liberty that people are the source of political power and limitations exist in stopping any abuse of people.

2) Influence is seen in the general ideas shown.

3) Today’s western outlook stems directly from these ideals.

Page 114

1) Achieving equality and societal equilibrium.

2) Because women were not equal.

3) By becoming emancipated.

4) Abolition of slavery based on enlightenment ideas.

5) On grounds based on enlightenment ideas.

6) The represent thirst for freedom.


Page 118

1) New method.

2) Jacobin's radicalism. Virtue was democracy.

3) On grounds that it ensures progress by eliminating the enemy.

4) Sigh of his extremism.


Page 122

1) Babeuf's views are communist like.

2) By going a step further and proposing no private property.


Page 126

1) By boosting nationalism.

2) Successfully by molding the public opinion.

3) School-children had to memorize.

4) Very seriously in spreading them across Europe although he was a dictator.


Page 133

1) Technology was also possessed.

2) Predictability.

3) Mass production.


Page 135

1) Productivity.

2) By materialism and trift.

3) State.

4) No.


Page 140

1) Less then 18. Massive number of hours and throughout the day.

2) Bigger profit margin.

3) Beatings.


Page 145

1) Results were liberation of economic production.

2) To let the economy flow freely. Disagree since I firmly believe in social democracy.

3) That overpopulation was a real threat and poor should be left to their devices.

4) In a sense that poor should be left to their devices.

5) Cause he was a realist and this particular truth humans cannot stomach.

6) Surely, since today earth is more populated then ever before in its history and the reason is mass production and tech advance.


Page 162

1) To the spread of liberal ideas to Russia.


Page 164

1) Nationalism was the reason.

2) He was a combination of enlightenment ideals and nationalism.


Page 169

1) Extreme poverty.

2) Leftist idelogy.

3) Communist like ideals.

4) Revolutions afterwards spread to German states.

5) The most enlightened and progressive population as well as prone to change are students.



Page 175

1) As it truly is.

2) In asserting that literature can also be a science.

3) His portrayal was realistic.

4) Hypocrisy of society since they didn’t care for poor.



Page 180

1) That population reproduces faster then resources permit.

2) Through natural selection.

3) The beast within remains.


Page 183


1) Dislike and inferiority complex versus science.

2) Darwin used science and clergy used madness.


Page 189

1) Between workers and capitalists. 1848.

2) By being anti-labor.

3) As abusive and exploitative.

4) Cause it is reactionary. Workers themselves.

5) Rulers make the rules. Agree.

6) Yes they have since the communist revolutions happened.


Page 193

1) To prevent powerful from exploiting the weak.

2) He was oponent and he believes in such case it would lead to slavery and socialism. Yes.

3) Blind following of the rules. Yes.

4) His concept was capitalism and Hobhouse was socialism.



Page 199

1) Justified.

2) Landlords.



Page 217

1) The sheer course of events in her life. No choice.

2) More data collected.

3) Dissent into misery.

4) Called Public women and their work as public service. Accurate to some extent and legalization would make matters under more control while decreasing the unknown.


Page 228

1) History itself.

2) Obedience. Equality is the goal.

3) To prevent further abuse.

4) Male chauvinism.

5) They viewed women as evil, stupid animals.

6) Disabilities of women.

7) Cause he didn’t think they will effectively change anything.



Page 238

1) Semitic characteristics of Jews and Teutonic of Germans.

2) End of Germany.

3) Attempt to back it with some science.

4) Need for hate. Extremists.

5) Racial differences.

6) Non-Jews there. Non-predictable. Vital.

7) Cause of the anti-Semitic threat.




Page 250

1) Pro-british and anti-african imperialism.

2) Racism and supremism.

3) The British Empire depends on imperialism.

4) Imperialism was justified by nature (stronger rules over weaker)

5) By keeping it pure.

6) He wanted social reform.

7) He was against it.



Page 255

1) To strengthen its economy. Army.

2) No, he was being diplomatic.

3) Location was a given and stronger was missing.

4) Emigration, finance and international relations.


Page 267

1) Force. No.

2) Genocide. On blood.

3) Racist attitudes.

4) Initially favorable. He did.

5) Keep distance.



Page 289

1) Direct connection.

2) Sheep mentality takes over.

3) Hitler’s Germany.



Page 297

1) To reach desired outcome.

2) To the state.

3) As inspiration to others.

4) He viewed war as biological necessity; stronger will survive and project his will.

5) Cause he believed that Militarism impedes progress.



Page 310

1) In a state of shock initially.

2) Horror cause by war.

3) Rage was the feeling.

4) All of them are powerful.



Page 314

1) More insight into war situation.

2) Higher classes were given better army positions and women were given most menial army jobs.

3) Cause of opposition to female employment.