Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Doing Take Home Portion of the Midterm


Part I. Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Respond to the following statement: "Though the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in the world, they did manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct which is evil, a moral attitude which still sustain us. Despite their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots and the social anarchy ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest, the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles which to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights." In addition, please integrate into your overall analysis, the following argument about the impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals: "Though the intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence, they had a tremendous effect in the preparing the climate of opinions for the revolution of 1789." Note: Be sure to explain both comments in terms of their critique of the ancient regime (see Perry and handouts).


Part II. Second Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Discuss the various stages of the French revolution from its inception in 1789 to its demise in 1799 with the subsequent dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte and the emergence of the French Empire of the early nineteenth century. In what ways do you think the new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution? Lastly, in the long run what were some of the key achievements throughout this decade and finally happened to emperor Napoleon and his empire? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna of 1815? Explain (see Perry and handouts).



Part III. Mid-Range Mandatory Essay.
C. Discuss the significance of mechanical inventions in England and what role and importance men like Thomas Newcomen, Abraham Darby, Matthew Boulton, James Watt, John Wilkinson, Josiah Wedgewood, John Kay, Edmund Cartwright, Richard Arkwright, Thomas Lombe, James Hargreaves, and Samuel Crompton. How did all of these inventors and industrialists contribute to the spread of English industrial revolution in the eighteenth century? How does the appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield change the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? Explain. (See Perry & handouts).



Part IV. Mid-Range Essay on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."
A. "The growth of the factory system was the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution." Comment. Be sure to discuss this in terms of the major debate between the supporters and detractors of the factory system. How does Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate? Make sure you explain her main focus and argument (see Shelley & Perry).



Part V. Mid-Range Essay on Romanticism, Reform & Revolution.
A. Explain the major contribution the Romantics, socialists & communists made towards a general critique of industrial capitalism & the factory system, & also discuss the main ideological & political views of the scientific socialists like Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels & the French socialists. What did Engels have to say about industrialization and the proletariat in his own pivotal study, "The Condition of the English Working Class" & what was the message he and Marx meant to convey in their famous book, "The Communist Manifesto"? How were these various works related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848)? On the other hand, why didn't things erupt in England & Scotland in the same way as on the continent? What happened in the aftermath of revolutions of 1848? Explain (see Perry and handouts).

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Doing Take Home Portion of the Midterm


Part I. Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Respond to the following statement: "Though the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in the world, they did manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct which is evil, a moral attitude which still sustain us. Despite their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots and the social anarchy ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest, the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles which to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights." In addition, please integrate into your overall analysis, the following argument about the impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals: "Though the intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence, they had a tremendous effect in the preparing the climate of opinions for the revolution of 1789." Note: Be sure to explain both comments in terms of their critique of the ancient regime (see Perry and handouts).


I can be say indeed that the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in the world but such is the reality do to the fact that the very human nature appears to be the primary reason existence of evil and suffering in the world. It was philosophes that attempted to modify the human nature by initially liberating human mind from the shackles of medieval dogmatic darkness and then expanding the intellectual horizon that a human mind can achieve by applying science and knowledge in understanding nature around us and of course in understanding us.

They did indeed manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct that is evil a moral attitude that still sustain us and this was done by basically listening to our inner self rather then to prescribed dogmatic darkness of the day. The basic idea is that human nature, although flowed to extent do to our own imperfections, is generally well natured and as such capable of determining what is wrong and what is right in its own right without resorting to fully alien (to human nature) dogmatic concepts that have characterized middle ages.

Their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots was to some extent necessary since it just represents the diplomatic and strategic move from their side to attempt to include the ruling circles in hope of them gradually becoming more and more enlightened themselves. Opposing strategy would have been to completely isolate them and risk becoming targeted by the ruling circles that would in effect endanger their very lives and the impact of their life work that would have been a great lose to human kind.
Social anarchy had been ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest do to the fact that many viewed the existing regimes as archaic and anti-progressive and that a change was certainly necessary to progress towards brighter future in which some envisioned a human individual not bound by chains of a state but rather liberated from it. Such ideas of course have been viewed as alarming by the existing rulers since they in effect represented a practical call to arms.

It indeed is correct to state that the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles that to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights and that modern western civilization have been largely based on the principles of humanism and French revolution (that further has its roots in Renaissance which in turn has roots going back to ancient Rome and Greece).

The impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals have been tremendous and represent a fertile base of western civilization that represents a zenith of human achievement. The intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence since they believed that by doing so a society was risking seriously harming itself much more then it would profit from rapid and drastic change that would have been caused by abrupt and violent change of government thus such change would have been only justified in the extreme circumstances. Such circumstances appeared prior to the beginning of French revolution and thus violent means become justified to ensure the further progress of French and ultimately European society.


Part II. Second Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Discuss the various stages of the French revolution from its inception in 1789 to its demise in 1799 with the subsequent dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte and the emergence of the French Empire of the early nineteenth century. In what ways do you think the new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution? Lastly, in the long run what were some of the key achievements throughout this decade and finally happened to emperor Napoleon and his empire? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna of 1815? Explain (see Perry and handouts).











Part III. Mid-Range Mandatory Essay.
C. Discuss the significance of mechanical inventions in England and what role and importance men like Thomas Newcomen, Abraham Darby, Matthew Boulton, James Watt, John Wilkinson, Josiah Wedgewood, John Kay, Edmund Cartwright, Richard Arkwright, Thomas Lombe, James Hargreaves, and Samuel Crompton. How did all of these inventors and industrialists contribute to the spread of English industrial revolution in the eighteenth century? How does the appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield change the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? Explain. (See Perry & handouts).







Part IV. Mid-Range Essay on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."
A. "The growth of the factory system was the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution." Comment. Be sure to discuss this in terms of the major debate between the supporters and detractors of the factory system. How does Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate? Make sure you explain her main focus and argument (see Shelley & Perry).




Part V. Mid-Range Essay on Romanticism, Reform & Revolution.
A. Explain the major contribution the Romantics, socialists & communists made towards a general critique of industrial capitalism & the factory system, & also discuss the main ideological & political views of the scientific socialists like Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels & the French socialists. What did Engels have to say about industrialization and the proletariat in his own pivotal study, "The Condition of the English Working Class" & what was the message he and Marx meant to convey in their famous book, "The Communist Manifesto"? How were these various works related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848)? On the other hand, why didn't things erupt in England & Scotland in the same way as on the continent? What happened in the aftermath of revolutions of 1848? Explain (see Perry and handouts).

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic

Task: Doing Take Home Portion of the Midterm


Part I. Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Respond to the following statement: "Though the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in the world, they did manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct which is evil, a moral attitude which still sustain us. Despite their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots and the social anarchy ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest, the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles which to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights." In addition, please integrate into your overall analysis, the following argument about the impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals: "Though the intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence, they had a tremendous effect in the preparing the climate of opinions for the revolution of 1789." Note: Be sure to explain both comments in terms of their critique of the ancient regime (see Perry and handouts).

...

I can be indeed stated that the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering do to the fact that the very human nature appears to be the primary reason of existence of evil and suffering in the world. It was philosophes that attempted to modify the human nature by initially liberating human mind from the shackles of medieval dogmatic darkness of the medieval church and then expanding the intellectual horizon that a human mind can achieve by applying science and knowledge in understanding nature around us and of course in understanding us.

They did indeed manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct that is evil a moral attitude that still sustain us and this was done by basically listening to our inner self rather then to prescribed dogmatic darkness of the day. The basic idea is that human nature, although flowed to extent do to our own imperfections, is generally well natured and as such capable of determining what is wrong and what is right in its own right without resorting to fully alien (to human nature) dogmatic concepts that have characterized middle ages.

Their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots was to some extent necessary since it just represents the diplomatic and strategic move from their side to attempt to include the ruling circles in hope of them gradually becoming more and more enlightened themselves. Opposing strategy would have been to completely isolate them and risk becoming targeted by the ruling circles that would in effect endanger their very lives and the impact of their life work that would have been a great lose to human kind.

Social anarchy had been ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest do to the fact that many viewed the existing regimes as archaic and anti-progressive and that a change was certainly necessary to progress towards brighter future in which some envisioned a human individual not bound by chains of a state but rather liberated from it. Such ideas of course have been viewed as alarming by the existing rulers since they in effect represented a practical call to arms.

It indeed is correct to state that the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles that to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights and that modern western civilization have been largely based on the principles of humanism and French revolution (that further has its roots in Renaissance which in turn has roots going back to ancient Rome and Greece). Such acts such as destroying aristocratic privileges, limiting or eliminating monarchies and largely diminishing church�s power and influence and enabling talent to filter through instead created in effect equality and secularization of a society that is the basis of modern western civilization where science runs as supreme authority instead of dogma.

The impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals have been tremendous and represent a fertile base of western civilization that represents a zenith of human achievement. The intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence since they believed that by doing so a society was risking seriously harming itself much more then it would profit from rapid and drastic change that would have been caused by abrupt and violent change of government thus such change would have been only justified in the extreme circumstances. Such circumstances appeared prior to the beginning of French revolution and thus violent means become justified in such case to ensure the further progress of French and ultimately European society.


Part II. Second Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Discuss the various stages of the French revolution from its inception in 1789 to its demise in 1799 with the subsequent dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte and the emergence of the French Empire of the early nineteenth century. In what ways do you think the new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution? Lastly, in the long run what were some of the key achievements throughout this decade and finally happened to emperor Napoleon and his empire? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna of 1815? Explain (see Perry and handouts).

�

The various stages of the French revolution prior to its demise in 1799 can be divided in three categories; a) period between 1789-1791, b) period between 1792-1794, c) period between 1794-1799.

Period between 1789-1791 relates to the era when the so-called third estate (that was composed of peasants, urban workers and members of bourgeoisie) or rather one of its elements (bourgeoisie or capitalist class) have assumed control of the French society and state and in effect bourgeoisie provided the leadership and ideology for the French revolution. Bourgeoisie prior to 1789 possessed wealth and talent but it did not have political power and its opportunity to rise to power arose when the year 1789 arrived when French society was in such political and economic turmoil that suggested that opportunity for some kind of change was due. Bourgeoisie was clever enough to cease this opportunity and target the power and influence of the nobility, clergy and royalty and cement its own position of
political dominance within French society. This stage however largely sidestepped the concerns of the workers and poor although it did provide declaration of human rights.
Period between 1792-1794 was a period that was characterized with radical moves and changes that were caused by three principal elements and those would be;
The economic misery of the poor masses, Clerical and aristocratic led counterrevolution and last but certainly not the least (on the contrary probably the biggest reason) was the war with conservative European states that feared the influence of ideals of the French revolution themselves and as a result wanted to revert France to it�s pre-Revolutionary socioeconomic state whose actions claimed initial victories against French revolutionaries. Such extreme circumstances resulted in French revolution entering its most extreme and brutal stage, which was characterized with practically total militarization of the French society (first ever mandatory draft managed to swell French armed forces to a 800.000 strong and exceptionally spirited and nationalist soldiers, huge figure for its time) execution of French king (who was charged with treason after European conservative victories) and in Jacobin�s (the extreme revolutionary fraction) reign of terror (which killed 20.000-40.000 people, mainly those they viewed as enemies of the state). After all the spoiled blood Jacobins were successful in saving the revolution but in also created opposition.

Period between 1794-1799 was characterized to power reverting to moderate bourgeoisie who stopped the rule of Jacobin radicalism only to have a figure like Napoleon Bonaparte assume control in 1799 after overthrowing the government of the moderate bourgeoisie. Napoleon Bonaparte was a popular general who was power-hungry and he created a military dictatorship that will proper French troops and ideals of French revolution to every corner of Europe. Thus on one hand he assumed a total control of the French state and on the other largely keeps France on the revolutionary course and he even manages to transmit French revolutionary ideas in the rest of Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte proclaims himself an emperor and France and proclaims France an empire in 1804 and he is finally beaten by unified conservative European powers together with England in 1815 and the peace is established in Congress of Vienna of 1815 where conservative states (such as Austria and Prussia) played a major role and whose purpose was prevention of recurrence of similar revolutions but speaking long term such recurrence was bound to repeat itself since Napoleon did set a clock of change in motion (strong French impact through Napoleon with such acts such as centralization of the government, the Code Napoleon and the fact that feudalism was dealt a fatal blow) that no conservative force was able to stop. The new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution in a sense that the masses could not have been ignored any further and that the age of encyclopedia demanded that the society progresses and anything that would be hindering such progression would in effect spelt a death sentence to its self, sooner or later.


Part III. Mid-Range Mandatory Essay.
C. Discuss the significance of mechanical inventions in England and what role and importance men like Thomas Newcomen, Abraham Darby, Matthew Boulton, James Watt, John Wilkinson, Josiah Wedgewood, John Kay, Edmund Cartwright, Richard Arkwright, Thomas Lombe, James Hargreaves, and Samuel Crompton. How did all of these inventors and industrialists contribute to the spread of English industrial revolution in the eighteenth century? How does the appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield change the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? Explain. (See Perry & handouts).

�

Significance of mechanical inventions in England was tremendous and they caused a dramatic change in the production of goods and organization of labor. New inventions such as new forms of power, such as steam, were able to substitute animal power with something much more powerful and not to mention faster. In fact throughout 19th century technology was advancing with previously unseen speed that benefited human kind in number of ways. One side of the success story is that middle and upper class greatly benefited with new urbanization and industrialization while on the other hand rapid industrialization and urbanization (both go hand in hand) produced a large and poor working class who was neither satisfied with its political and, even less, with its economical status. Many workers in fact viewed machines as its nemesis that is there to take jobs away from them.

Role and importance men that contributed to this event is enormous and I will list some bellow;

Thomas Newcomen, was an blacksmith and an inventor (who called himself an 'ironmonger') who magaged to built an atmospheric steam engine for pumping water from the mines and who represents a big impact in the history of engineering and technology.

Abraham Darby, was an English iron-master who further perfected and improved the art of iron-smelting. His most famous achievement for which he is known can be traced to the building of the world's first cast-iron bridge

Matthew Boulton, producer and engineer (ex. coining machinery or a patent in relation with raising water based on the principle of the hydraulic ram) from England who traces his birth origins to Birmingham, a location where his ancestor, Matthew Boulton the elder, was a producer of metal articles of different kinds. His importance is such that his home had been turned into a museum.
James Watt, was a famious mathematician and engineer from Scotland and a key member of the Lunar Society (which was a discussion club where a number of prominent industrialist and scientific figures who met regularly in the latter half of the 18th cent. in Birmingham, Eng.). One of his principal inventions was the centrifugal governor that was used to regulate the speed of a steam engine (importance of this engines can be summoed up in the fact that without it there would be no nuclear reactors since it is in fact the steam engine that in effect converts the heat energy thus making J.W.�s impact enormous).
John Wilkinson, was a ironworker and also he was an inventor whom by 1748 managed to save enough funding to create his original blast furnace in the vicinity of Wolverhampton and after many initial unsuccessful attempts he did manage to substite coal for coke. His most prominent invention was the creation of a cannon-boring machine in 1770�s.

Josiah Wedgewood, was a potter from England whom credit is given for industrialisating of the manufacturing of pottery. He did concentrate as a youngster on designing pottery rather than making it and his final triump is creating the original pottery factory.

John Kay, was an inventor (from England) of textile machines, notably the Flying Shuttle that managed to drastically increase the speed of this process. His invention was a reason for his home being ransacked by a mob of angry textile workers who feared for their jobs.

Edmund Cartwright, built the first power loom in 1785. (A loom being is a device for weaving threads into textiles). His impact was such that by the start of 19th cen. a large number of factory owners used his invention.

Sir Richard Arkwright, was an inventor of the spinning frame and the world's foremost water-powered mill (this being a form of power that was practically the catalyst for the industrial revolution).

Thomas Lombe, who in early 18th century obtained a patent for a "new invention of three kinds of devices never previously produced or even used before in England, one would be used to wind the finest raw silk, another would be used to spin, and the third or the last to twist" (his critics claim this was already invented in Italy in the previous century). T.L. argued that his device managed to brake the Italian monopoly of the silk trade and in fact managed to help to lower the price of silk.

James Hargreaves, was a weaver and carpenter who also managed to invent the so called Spinning Jenny (named after his daughter Jenny who accidentally gave him idea for the device). His sagnificance can be seen by the fact that by the time of his death (1770�s) 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Enland.

Samuel Crompton. English inventor who as a child , in order to help out his family, worked at the spinning yarn where defects of the spinning jenny inspiried him to make something more advanced that took him years. He finally made a device called muslin wheel or the Hall-in-the-Wood wheel and later as the spinning mule and inventor of the inventor of the power-loom.. The Spinning Mule could also be driven by the new steam engines that were being made by James Watt and also by Matthew Boulton. The mule produced a strong, fine and soft yarn which could be used in all kinds of textiles.

The appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield changed the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a way that Urbanization and Industrialization become the guiding light of British progress that was to be emulated in just about every other part of England and elsewhere. Cities were viewed as centers of civilization (as they naturally had been since antiquity) and consumerism reigns supreme within them as Napoleon viewed in a sense England (to him this having a negative connotation).


Part IV. Mid-Range Essay on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."
A. "The growth of the factory system was the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution." Comment. Be sure to discuss this in terms of the major debate between the supporters and detractors of the factory system. How does Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate? Make sure you explain her main focus and argument (see Shelley & Perry).


�


The growth of the factory system was indeed the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution for many reasons but primary being that the new and massive class was formed with new factories and those are the working class or simply put workers.

Those workers were not satisfied with their socioeconomic conditions in the new factory environments (with its own strict factory rules) that were created through the process of rapid industrialization that in effect managed to bring many former rural dwellers to cities in search for better opportunity, which in turn often managed to become anything but what new arrivals to the cities hoped for.

On the other hand factory system coupled with more and more technologically advanced machines managed to mass-produce products that would supply the entire nation in a manner never witnessed prior to industrial revolution and not to mention new factory system managed to dramatically increase the wealth of the capitalist class to the envy of the working class where portions of this class felt entitled to some of that wealth while some more radical working circles wanted to disband capitalist class all together (Marxists).

New machines and inventions used in factories were often viewed with, to the least, a suspicious eye by the working class some of whom feared that a day might come when machines might replace workers thus leaving out workers in the cold.

Baines advantages to the factory system are seen primarily in successful usage of three elements them being waterpower, fuel, and iron. Main idea is that wherever these elements can be found in abundance manufacturing will be done at a smaller cost which in turn would translate in more items being produced and also advantage can be seen in the fact that all operations of manufacturing had been brought under one roof � of course subject is factory.

Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate in a sense one side (factory system and machines) we have man made devices (machines) that are threatening the jobs of the very people they were supposedly made to make easier thus in a sense we have a creation that is becoming more superior than a creator which in turn deems creator unneeded in certain manufacturing elements in a similar manner that in �Frankestein� we have a creation that manages to become intellectually superior then the creator whom in turn views as obsolete. Her main focus and argument of course being that human kind needs to be weary of the things they produce and use more caution.




Part V. Mid-Range Essay on Romanticism, Reform & Revolution.
A. Explain the major contribution the Romantics, socialists & communists made towards a general critique of industrial capitalism & the factory system, & also discuss the main ideological & political views of the scientific socialists like Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels & the French socialists. What did Engels have to say about industrialization and the proletariat in his own pivotal study, "The Condition of the English Working Class" & what was the message he and Marx meant to convey in their famous book, "The Communist Manifesto"? How were these various works related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848)? On the other hand, why didn't things erupt in England & Scotland in the same way as on the continent? What happened in the aftermath of revolutions of 1848? Explain (see Perry and handouts).

�

Class: Western Civilization II
Professor: Dr. Timothy C.Coogan
Student: Vlado Vukovic


Task: Doing Take Home Portion of the Midterm


Part I. Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Respond to the following statement: "Though the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in the world, they did manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct which is evil, a moral attitude which still sustain us. Despite their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots and the social anarchy ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest, the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles which to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights." In addition, please integrate into your overall analysis, the following argument about the impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals: "Though the intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence, they had a tremendous effect in the preparing the climate of opinions for the revolution of 1789." Note: Be sure to explain both comments in terms of their critique of the ancient regime (see Perry and handouts).
...
I can be indeed stated that the philosophes did not solve the problem of the existence of evil and suffering do to the fact that the very human nature appears to be the primary reason of existence of evil and suffering in the world. It was philosophes that attempted to modify the human nature by initially liberating human mind from the shackles of medieval dogmatic darkness of the medieval church and then expanding the intellectual horizon that a human mind can achieve by applying science and knowledge in understanding nature around us and of course in understanding us.

They did indeed manage to establish in European society a general consensus about conduct that is evil a moral attitude that still sustain us and this was done by basically listening to our inner self rather then to prescribed dogmatic darkness of the day. The basic idea is that human nature, although flowed to extent do to our own imperfections, is generally well natured and as such capable of determining what is wrong and what is right in its own right without resorting to fully alien (as relation to human nature is concerned) dogmatic concepts that have characterized middle ages.

Their subservient behavior towards some of the European despots was to some extent necessary since it just represents the diplomatic and strategic move from their side to attempt to include the ruling circles in hope of them gradually becoming more and more enlightened themselves. Opposing strategy would have been to completely isolate them and risk becoming targeted by the ruling circles that would in effect endanger their very lives and the impact of their life work that would have been a great lose to human kind.

Social anarchy had been ultimately inherent in their doctrines of absolute self-interest do to the fact that many viewed the existing regimes as archaic and anti-progressive and that a change was certainly necessary to progress towards brighter future in which some envisioned a human individual not bound by chains of a state but rather liberated from it. Such ideas of course have been viewed as alarming by the existing rulers since they in effect represented a practical call to arms.

It indeed is correct to state that the eighteenth century man of letter did formulate a set of moral principles that to this day remain basic to any discussion of human rights and that modern western civilization have been largely based on the principles of humanism and French revolution (that further has its roots in Renaissance which in turn has roots going back to ancient Rome and Greece). Such acts, such as destroying aristocratic privileges, limiting or eliminating monarchies and largely diminishing church�fs power and influence and enabling talent to filter through instead created in effect equality and secularization of a society that is the basis of modern western civilization where science runs as supreme authority instead of dogma.

The impact and influence of enlightenment thought and ideals have been tremendous and represent a fertile base of western civilization that represents a zenith of human achievement. The intellectuals as a group were opposed to the overthrow of state power by physical violence since they believed that by doing so a society was risking seriously harming itself much more then it would profit from rapid and drastic change that would have been caused by abrupt and violent change of government thus such change would have been only justified in the extreme circumstances. Such circumstances appeared prior to the beginning of French revolution and thus violent means become justified in such case to ensure the further progress of French and ultimately European society.


Part II. Second Long Mandatory Essay.
A) Discuss the various stages of the French revolution from its inception in 1789 to its demise in 1799 with the subsequent dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte and the emergence of the French Empire of the early nineteenth century. In what ways do you think the new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution? Lastly, in the long run what were some of the key achievements throughout this decade and finally happened to emperor Napoleon and his empire? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna of 1815? Explain (see Perry and handouts).
...
The various stages of the French revolution prior to its demise in 1799 can be divided in three categories; a) period between 1789-1791, b) period between 1792-1794, c) period between 1794-1799.

Period between 1789-1791 relates to the era when the so-called third estate (that was composed of peasants, urban workers and members of bourgeoisie) or rather one of its elements (bourgeoisie or capitalist class) have assumed control of the French society and state and in effect bourgeoisie provided the leadership and ideology for the French revolution. Bourgeoisie prior to 1789 possessed wealth and talent but it did not have political power and its opportunity to rise to power arose when the year 1789 arrived when French society was in such political and economic turmoil that suggested that opportunity for some kind of change was due. Bourgeoisie was clever enough to cease this opportunity and target the power and influence of the nobility, clergy and royalty and cement its own position of political dominance within French society. This stage however largely sidestepped the concerns of the workers and poor although it did provide declaration of human rights.

Period between 1792-1794 was a period that was characterized with radical moves and changes that were caused by three principal elements and those would be; The economic misery of the poor masses, Clerical and aristocratic led counterrevolution and last but certainly not the least (on the contrary probably the biggest reason) was the war with conservative European states that feared the influence of ideals of the French revolution themselves and as a result wanted to revert France to it�fs pre-Revolutionary socioeconomic state whose actions claimed initial victories against French revolutionaries. Such extreme circumstances resulted in French revolution entering its most extreme and brutal stage, which was characterized with practically total militarization of the French society (first ever mandatory draft managed to swell French armed forces to a 800.000 strong and exceptionally spirited and nationalist soldiers, huge figure for its time) execution of French king (who was charged with treason after European conservative victories) and in Jacobin�fs (the extreme revolutionary fraction) reign of terror (which killed 20.000-40.000 people, mainly those they viewed as enemies of the state). After all the spoiled blood Jacobins were successful in saving the revolution but in also created opposition.

Period between the years of 1794-1799 was characterized to power reverting to moderate bourgeoisie who stopped the rule of Jacobin radicalism only to have a figure like Napoleon Bonaparte assume control in 1799 after overthrowing the government of the moderate bourgeoisie. Napoleon Bonaparte was a popular general who was power-hungry and he created a military dictatorship that will propel French troops and ideals of French revolution to every corner of Europe. Thus on one hand he assumed a total control of the French state and on the other largely keeps France on the revolutionary course and he even manages to transmit French revolutionary ideas in the rest of Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte proclaims himself an emperor and France and proclaims France an empire in 1804 and he is finally beaten by unified conservative European powers together with England in 1815 and the peace is established in Congress of Vienna of 1815.
At Congress of Vienna of 181 conservative states (such as Austria and Prussia) played a major role and whose purpose was prevention of recurrence of similar revolutions but speaking long term such recurrence was bound to repeat itself since Napoleon did set a clock of change in motion (strong French impact through Napoleon with such acts such as centralization of the government, the Code Napoleon and the fact that feudalism was dealt a fatal blow) that no conservative force was able to stop. The new role of public opinion shaped the events of the French Revolution in a sense that the masses could not have been ignored any further and that the age of encyclopedia demanded that the society progresses and anything that would be hindering such progression would in effect spelt a death sentence to its self, sooner or later.

Part III. Mid-Range Mandatory Essay.
C. Discuss the significance of mechanical inventions in England and what role and importance men like Thomas Newcomen, Abraham Darby, Matthew Boulton, James Watt, John Wilkinson, Josiah Wedgewood, John Kay, Edmund Cartwright, Richard Arkwright, Thomas Lombe, James Hargreaves, and Samuel Crompton. How did all of these inventors and industrialists contribute to the spread of English industrial revolution in the eighteenth century? How does the appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield change the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? Explain. (See Perry & handouts).
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Significance of mechanical inventions in England was tremendous and they caused a dramatic change in the production of goods and organization of labor. New inventions such as new forms of power, such as steam, were able to substitute animal power with something much more powerful and not to mention faster. In fact throughout 19th century technology was advancing with previously unseen speed that benefited human kind in number of ways.
One side of the success story is that middle and upper class greatly benefited with new urbanization and industrialization while on the other hand rapid industrialization and urbanization (both go hand in hand) produced a large and poor working class who was neither satisfied with its political and, even less, with its economical status. Many workers in fact viewed machines as its nemesis that is there to take jobs away from them.

Role and importance men that contributed to this event is enormous and I will list some bellow;

Thomas Newcomen was an blacksmith and an inventor (who called himself an 'ironmonger') who magaged to built an atmospheric steam engine for pumping water from the mines and who represents a big impact in the history of engineering and technology.

Abraham Darby was an English iron-master who further perfected and improved the art of iron-smelting. His most famous achievement for which he is known can be traced to the building of the world's first cast-iron bridge


Matthew Boulton, producer and engineer (ex. coining machinery or a patent in relation with raising water based on the principle of the hydraulic ram) from England who traces his birth origins to Birmingham, a location where his ancestor, Matthew Boulton the elder, was a producer of metal articles of different kinds. His importance is such that his home had been turned into a museum.

James Watt, was a famous mathematician and engineer from Scotland and a key member of the Lunar Society (which was a discussion club where a number of prominent industrialist and scientific figures who met regularly in the latter half of the 18th cent. in Birmingham, Eng.). One of his principal inventions was the centrifugal governor that was used to regulate the speed of a steam engine (importance of this engines can be summoned up in the fact that without it there would be no nuclear reactors since it is in fact the steam engine that in effect converts the heat energy thus making J.W.�s impact enormous).
John Wilkinson was a ironworker and also he was an inventor whom by 1748 managed to save enough funding to create his original blast furnace in the vicinity of Wolverhampton in England and after many initial unsuccessful attempts he did manage to substitute coal for coke. His most prominent invention was the creation of a cannon-boring machine in 1770�fs.

Josiah Wedgewood was a potter from England whom credit is given for industrialization of the manufacturing of pottery. He did concentrate as a youngster on designing pottery rather than making it and his final triumph is creating the original pottery factory.

John Kay was an inventor (from England) of textile machines, notably the Flying Shuttle that managed to drastically increase the speed of this process. His invention was a reason for his home being ransacked by a mob of angry textile workers who feared for their jobs.

Edmund Cartwright, built the first power loom in 1785. (A loom being is a device for weaving threads into textiles). His impact was such that by the start of 19th cent. a large number of factory owners used his invention.

Sir Richard Arkwright, was an inventor of the spinning frame and the world's foremost water-powered mill (this being a form of power that was practically the catalyst for the industrial revolution).

Thomas Lombe, who in early 18th century obtained a patent for a "new invention of three kinds of devices never previously produced or even used before in England, one would be used to wind the finest raw silk, another would be used to spin, and the third or the last to twist" (his critics claim this was already invented in Italy in the previous century). T.L. argued that his device managed to break the Italian monopoly of the silk trade and in fact managed to help to lower the price of silk.

James Hargreaves, was a weaver and carpenter who also managed to invent the so called Spinning Jenny (named after his daughter Jenny who accidentally gave him idea for the device). His significance can be seen by the fact that by the time of his death (1770�fs) 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in England.

Samuel Crompton. English inventor who as a child, in order to help out his family, worked at the spinning yarn where defects of the spinning jenny inspired him to make something more advanced that took him years. He finally made a device called muslin wheel or the Hall-in-the-Wood wheel and later as the spinning mule and inventor of the inventor of the power-loom.. The Spinning Mule could also be driven by the new steam engines that were being made by James Watt and also by Matthew Boulton. The mule produced a strong, fine and soft yarn which could be used in all kinds of textiles.

The appearance of such massive industrial cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield changed the British way of life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a way that Urbanization and Industrialization become the guiding light of British progress that was to be emulated in just about every other part of England and elsewhere. Cities were viewed as centers of civilization (as they naturally had been since antiquity) and consumerism reigns supreme within them as Napoleon viewed in a sense England (to him this having a negative connotation).






Part IV. Mid-Range Essay on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."
A. "The growth of the factory system was the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution." Comment. Be sure to discuss this in terms of the major debate between the supporters and detractors of the factory system. How does Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate? Make sure you explain her main focus and argument (see Shelley & Perry).
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The growth of the factory system was indeed the most striking social and organizational aspect of the Industrial Revolution for many reasons but primary being that the new and massive class was formed with new factories and those are the working class or simply put workers.

Those workers were not satisfied with their socioeconomic conditions in the new factory environments (with its own strict factory rules) that were created through the process of rapid industrialization that in effect managed to bring many former rural dwellers to cities in search for better opportunity, which in turn often managed to become anything but what new arrivals to the cities hoped for.

On the other hand factory system coupled with more and more technologically advanced machines managed to mass-produce products that would supply the entire nation in a manner never witnessed prior to industrial revolution and not to mention new factory system managed to dramatically increase the wealth of the capitalist class to the envy of the working class where portions of this class felt entitled to some of that wealth while some more radical working circles wanted to disband capitalist class all together (Marxists).

New machines and inventions used in factories were often viewed with, to the least, a suspicious eye by the working class some of whom feared that a day might come when machines might replace workers thus leaving out workers in the cold.

Baines advantages to the factory system are seen primarily in successful usage of three elements them being waterpower, fuel, and iron. Main idea is that wherever these elements can be found in abundance manufacturing will be done at a smaller cost which in turn would translate in more items being produced and also advantage can be seen in the fact that all operations of manufacturing had been brought under one roof �Eof course subject is factory.
Willian Blake called mills satanic since they pollute countryside and the same can be stated for the factories since they are an even bigger reason for pollution then a mill can ever be (of course speaking about large scale factories).
Positive effect of the factories can be viewed in the mass production of mass media such as newspapers that enabled masses to view news at the cheaper rates thus making mass media more accessible then in previous eras. Downfall of this would be that masses are now more prone to being influenced to propaganda that will at the end of 19th and in the 20th century racket propel nationalism to the point when it culminates in creation or rather takeover of Nazism in 1930�fs Germany.
Another positive example is visible by the fact that that since the mid 19th century Europe ceased to have famines (last big one being so called Irish Potato Famine of the 1840�fs) do to the fact that boats were able to move faster and thus move people and goods (including food) faster. Again negative aspect of this situation is that with more food being produced we have means of achieving huge population levels that lead to overpopulation (which of course in it self is a danger for te human kind).
Higher industrial output means higher degree of depleting natural resources which in its own right represents of course a negative tendency. In fact this could be among the most lethal tendencies for the human kind do to the fact that once the natural resources are close to depletion will automatically mean humans are close to extinction. Thus we have a second comparison (first being pollution) with �eFrankenstein�f where our own creation is in effect threatening our very existence (of course speaking long term).
Positive �eside effects�f of industrialization are that fact that urban dwellers can have a set number of days during which they will work thus leaving them with weekend to themselves. This weekend availability will later result in creating of mass entertainment, largest one being of course sports. On the negative side there has been numerous global examples where even sport arenas are not free of political propaganda but rather represent a fertile ground for such activities, granted of course that government would permit such discussing propagandist acts to pollute arenas.
Positive effect of industrialization are increase of work and thus of labor force. Negative side of the same coin is that this translates into higher population levels (hinting danger coming from overpopulation which was the subject that Thomas R. Malthus was very much concerned with).
One of the most negative aspects of early industrialization (fact that still holds true for many developing nations that are experiencing the effects of industrialization as we speak) was child labor. In certain industries (such as cotton industry) the proportion of children and youngsters bellow the age of 18 was close to 50% of the total work force thus making it clear of the extent of the problem and need for its solution.
Marry Shelly's story "Frankenstein" relate to that debate in a sense one side (factory system and machines) we have man made devices (machines) that are threatening the jobs of the very people they were supposedly made to make easier. One of the consluion is thus we have, in a sense, a creation that is becoming more superior than a creator which in turn deems creator unneeded in certain manufacturing elements in a similar manner that in �eFrankestein�f we have a human creation that manages to become intellectually superior then the human creator whom in turn views as obsolete and thus even irrelevant in terms of justifying his own existence. Her main focus and argument of course being that human kind needs to be weary of the things they produce or create and use more caution in such process for the lows of nature are merciless since they justify the existence of only superior species.

Part V. Mid-Range Essay on Romanticism, Reform & Revolution.
A. Explain the major contribution the Romantics, socialists & communists made towards a general critique of industrial capitalism & the factory system, & also discuss the main ideological & political views of the scientific socialists like Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels & the French socialists. What did Engels have to say about industrialization and the proletariat in his own pivotal study, "The Condition of the English Working Class" & what was the message he and Marx meant to convey in their famous book, "The Communist Manifesto"? How were these various works related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848)? On the other hand, why didn't things erupt in England & Scotland in the same way as on the continent? What happened in the aftermath of revolutions of 1848? Explain (see Perry and handouts).


Contribution the Romantics, socialists & communists made towards a general critique of industrial capitalism & the factory system.
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Each one of the mentioned groups were very much antipathic and some openly antagonistic towards industrial capitalism. The major difference is the level at which the found capitalism undesirable (communist of course being the most anti-capitalistic group out of the three).
Romantics are primarily concerned with emphasizing the liberation of human emotion and free artistic personality expression. Their major focus was understating human spirit through emotional outlook, one that is guided by the romantic viewing of the past. To them industrial capitalism was simply put lifeless since to them feelings were the focus of human essence. Romanticism will later mutate into nationalism whose primary focus is nation and whatever would make one stronger and not any economic based ideology (such as communism or capitalism) in particular.
Socialists (at least in today�fs terms) might be to some extent a conflicting terms since it could relate to two different ideological concepts, one being social-democratic form the dominates western Europe, which calls it self Socialist although in effect has elements of both Socialistic (original) and Capitalistic concepts enforced within its composition. Second being Socialist in the terms that Marx and later USSR had envisioned it or road from capitalism towards communism (which have never in history been achieved). Both socialist concepts view industrial capitalism and inferior (in terms of class equality for example) and thus necessary to change into either social-democracy (which is what liberalism of late 19 century mutated into and this is done usually through peaceful means) or through socialism (where state reigns supreme and no private ownership exists, except in some countries like former Yugoslavia with smaller street shops) which is achieved primarily through force or revolutions.
Communist being the most extreme of the three is openly viewing capitalism as practically something evil and backwards that suppresses the rights and freedom of progressive working class and that has to be overthrown and sent into the pages of history. Their views are the most radical of the three and they tend to view everything through their own scientific prism (even religion, hence vast majority of communists are atheists and view religion with utmost disgust). To communist socialism is the path towards achieving communism which is a classless society without the existence of the state.

discuss the main ideological & political views of the scientific socialists like Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels & the French socialists.
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Ideological views of communist founders such as Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels are such that apart of what I already said they also believe that there is inevitable conflict in the making between working class (that is to be armed with �ecommunist manifesto�f, which is their masterpiece) and the capitalist class, which to them is practically vestiges (remains) of the primitive and archaic (thus pre-enlightenment) past. The change from capitalism is to happen in a violent manner and the result is creation of socialist state, as a pathway to communism. To them bourgeoisie (capitalist class) is only concentrated with their own well being and views workers only in terms of the financial return they can provide, thus in an inhumane manner.
What did Engels have to say about industrialization and the proletariat in his own pivotal study, "The Condition of the English Working Class" & what was the message he and Marx meant to convey in their famous book, "The Communist Manifesto"?
Communist Manifesto views (apart from what I already stated about communism and communists) Communist as most advanced and most determined class members of the working class parties who will overthrow capitalist class and liberate workers from their materialistic oppression and where everything (once communism is achieved) will be divided according to the needs.
How were these various works related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848)? On the other hand, why didn't things erupt in England & Scotland in the same way as on the continent? What happened in the aftermath of revolutions of 1848? Explain (see Perry and handouts).

These various works were related to the revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s (especially 1848) in manner that these revolutions were caused mainly by the anger of the working class that was directed at the capitalist class and that had to do to the socioeconomic condition working lass and primarily the poor who lived in dire circumstances and a bigger reason for their condition was the exploration of the working class and the poor by the capitalist class. England and Scotland were economically and socially more progressive then rest of Europe at the time of these events and they were not in the same situation thus workers in those countries were not in then same dire straits as they were in the continent hence no need to a same kind of reaction.