1. Definitions:
a. Exocrine glands: Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct.
b. Endocrine glands: Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
c. Merocrine glands: Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material.
d. Apocrine glands: Exocrine glands that have cytoplasm in their secretions.
e. Holocrine glands: Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells.
f. Extracellular Matrix: The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells.
g. Fibroblasts: Spindle-shaped cells that form connective tissue
h. Chondrocytes: Mature cartilage cells
i. Stromal cells: Cells that provide structure or support for parenchymal cells
j. Parenchymal cells: Cells that provide the actual function of the tissue
k. Labile cells - Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and rapidly
l. Stable cells – Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the need arises
m. Permanent cells – Cells that cannot undergo mitosis
2. Muscular, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissue.
3. The number of layers, and the height of the cells (depends on their shape).
4. The extracellular that attaches the epithelial tissue and connective tissue below.
5. The basement membrane is avascular (has no blood vessels), and the cells above the membrane get oxygen and nutrients through diffussion.
6. a. simple squamous epithelium: allows for diffusion, found in blood vessels, and deep in the lungs.
b. simple cuboidal epithelium: allows for diffusion, absorption, secretion, and is found in the kidneys
c. simple columnar epithelium: allows for complex absorption and complex secretion, production of protective mucus; is found in the stomach and the intestines
d. stratified squamous epithelium: function is to form an outer protective barrier between the environment and bodily tissues; forms the skin
e. stratified transitional epithelium: allows for stretching; forms the tissue in the bladder.
f. pseudostratified epithelium: function is to produce and move mucus; found in the airways of the lungs.
7. Merocrine glands (which work by exocytosis…no cellular matter enters the secretion)
8. Connective tissue proper (loose, adipose, dense irregular, dense regular), cartilage (Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage), bone and blood (osseous, vascular), membranes (mucous, synovial, serous).
9. Collagen
10. a. loose connective tissue; function is light-duty binding, and can be found under the skin.
b. Dense irregular connective tissue; function is elastic binding, strength in all directions, and is found in the dermis (lower layer of skin).
c. Dense regular; function is heavy-duty binding (provides for tensile strength); found in ligaments and tendons.
d. Adipose tissue: energy storage and insulation; found in the mammary glands, fat layers under the skin (subcutaneous), and around the kidneys
11. Chondrocytes need a lacuna because the cartilage matrix is firm, so the cell cannot live directly outside the matrix.
12. a. hyaline cartilage; found in the bridge of the nose, costal cartilage of ribcage, caps of bone joints; function is to provide firmness with resilience (like a hard plastic)
b. fibrocartilage; found in joints between the vertebrae in backbone; provides tough binding and
c. Elastic cartilage – found in the outer ear,
13. In general, serous membranes are found around organs, they lubricate organs so they can move against one another, mucous membranes provide protection, and synovial membranes provide joint lubrication.
14. Yes, it will be as good as new, since parachymal cells are the functional cells in this case and can be replaced through mitosis.
15. Connective tissues provide support, so the cells are stromal.
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