1. a. A layer of epithelial cells above the dermis.
b. Dense irregular connective tissue that makes up the deep layer of the skin.
c. Loose irregular connective tissue below the dermis that attaches it to bone or muscle.
d. The manufacture of blood cells.
e. Dense bone matrix enclosing small spaces.
f. Porous bone surrounding bone cavity.
g. Bone formation.
h. Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a joint.
i. The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk.
j. The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.
k. A junction between the flat bones of the skull.
l. A projection on a bone.
m. A passageway.
n. A hole.
o. A hollowed out space on a bone.
2. The epidermis contains keratinized cells, and the dermis contains the papillary layer.
3. The dermal papillae provide more blood to the epidermal cells.
4. Some cuts cross the lines of cleavage and take time to heal and some do not.
5. Hair follicles provide new epithelial cells to repair damaged epidermis epithelia.
6. Loose connective tissue is always present in the hypodermis, and adipose tissue may or may not be there.
7. Sebaceous glands produce oil that softens skin and protects from bacteria.
8. Sweat glands produce moisture to cool skin by evaporation.
9. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
10. Stratum basale and stratum spinosum have live cells.
11. Melanocytes are cells mostly in the stratum basale, but also in the stratum spinosum, that produce melanin, a pigment that colors the skin.
12. a. nerves
b. hair
c. sweat pore
d. blood vessel loop
e. sweat duct
f. sweat gland
g. vein
h. blood vessel
i. adipose tissue
j. arrector pilli muscle
k. sebaceous gland
l. hair follicle
m. hypodermis
n. dermis
o. epicdermis
13. Medula, cortex, and cuticle. The medula cells are made with soft keratin, and the cortex and cuticle cells are hard keratin.
14. The hair matrix is a mass of undifferentiated cells.
15. Sweat glands are merocrine glands, though some are called apocrine glands.
16. Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands.
17. a. flat
b. long
c. short
d. sesamoid
e. irregular
18. Bone marrow in the long bone is located in the medullary cavity.
19. Support, protection, movement, storage, and hemopoiesis.
20. a. skull; b. mandible; c. ribcage; d. ulna; e. radius; f. carpals; g. metacarpals; h. phalanges; i. femur; j. patella; k. tibia; l. fibula; m. tarsals; n. metatarsals; o. phalanges; p. pelvis; q. sacrum; r. humerus; s. false rib; t. true rib; u. sternum.
21. a. frontal bone
b. ethmoid bone
c. lacrimal bone
d. sygomatic
e. vomer
f. maxilla
g. mandible
h. parietal
i. temporal
j. occipital
k. sphenoid
l. nasal
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