1.a.Mastication - the process of chewing.
b. Digestion - The breakdown of food molecules into their individual components.
c. Deglutition - the act of swallowing.
d. Peristalsis - the process of contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles which pushes food through the alimentary canal.
e. Gastric juice - The acidic secretion of the stomach.
f. Adventitia - A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues of organs.
g. Lumen - a hole in the center of a tube.
h. Macronutrients - the nutrients the body needs in large amounts: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
i. Micronutrients - The nutrients the body needs in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.
2.a. tongue
b. larynx
c. trachea
d. pancreas
e. stomach
f. small intestine
g. anus
h. parotoid salivary gland
i. sublintual salivary gland
j. submandibular salivary gland
k. pharynx
l. esophagus
m. lung
n. liver
o. gallbladder
p. transverse colon
q. ascenting colon
r. descending colon
s. cecum
t. appendix
u. rectum
3.a.1) Yes 2) Yes 3) moves food in mouth
b.1) No
c.1) No
d.1) Yes 2) No 3) mixes and stores food
f.1) Yes 2) Yes 3) digests, absorbs nutrients
g.1) Yes 2)Yes 3) holds waste in rectum
h.1)Y 2)Y 3) release saliva above tongue
i.,j.1)Y 2)Y 3) release saliva below tongue
k.1) No
l.1)Y 2)Y 3) conducts food to stomach
m.1)N
n.1)Y 2)N 3)produces bile
o.1)Y 2)N 3)stores bile
v.1)Y 2)Y 3)turns waste to feces
4. The esophagus
5. Amylase: breaks down starch into maltose
6. Closes off nasal cavity.
7. Serosa (or adventitia), longitudinal muscularis, circular muscularis, oblique m., submucosa, mucosa. the stomach has rugae.
8. Gastic juice; kills bacteria, breaks protein into peptides with pepsin.
9. the stomach lining is protected by mucus.
10. Aids absorbtion of vitamin B12.
11. Water, alcohol, aspirin.
12. Makes esophageal sphincter contract more strongly, loosens pyloric sphincter, increases rate of secretion of gastric juices, increases rate of mixing waves of stomach.
13. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Duodenum is shortest.
14. Intestinal villi and microvilli.
15. Secretin - decreases acidity of chyme; cholecystokinin (CCK) - contracts gallbladder; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - decreases activity of stomach.
16. Maltase - digests maltose; sucrase - digest sucrose; lactase - breaks down lactose; peptidaze - breaks down peptides; enterokinase - activates typsinogen.
17. If a cell produced an active anzyme for protein, it would digest itself since cells are mostly protein.
18. Feed on chyme, produce beneficial chemicals, break down chemicals in chyme and amino acids and any remaining carbohydrates.
19. Eating stimulates mass movements of the large intestine.
20. 1) Blood 2) Bile
21. Yes, aids digestion of fats.
22. Pancreas and salivary glands.
23. Mucus from Brunner's glands, secretin, intestinal juice, pancreatic juice.
24. Vitamin A, D, E, K.
25. Regulators of chemical processes.
26. Vitamin D and K.
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