1.a. Upper respiratory tract - The part of the respiratory system containing the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
b. Lower respiratory tract - The part of the respiratory system containing the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
c. Ventilation - The process of getting air into the lungs and getting it back out.
d. External respiration - The process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the alveoli and the blood.
e. Internal respiration - The process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the cells and the blood.
f. Pneumothorax - Air in the pleural cavity, which leads to a collapsed lung.
g. Surfactant - A molecule with a gydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end
h. Compliance - The ease with which the lungs inflate
i. Aspirate - To take in by means of suction.
j. Tidal volume - The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing.
k. Functional residual capacity - The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
l.Total lung capacity - The moximum volume of air contained in the lungs after a forceful inhalation.
m. Residual volume - The volume of air left in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.
2.a. alveoli
b. alveolar duct
c. terminal bronchiole
d. uvula
e. diaphragm
f. nasal cavity
g. pharynx
h. trachea
i. trachea
j. primary bronchi
3. The vocal folds are encountered first.
4. Vestibular folds close off the larynx during swallowing or holding the breath.
5.a. diaphragm, external intercostals
b. relaxation of diaphragm, external intercostals
c. sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles
d. abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
6.a. Abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
b. Small
c. Air pressure in lungs is low
7. The two factors that aid collapse of the lungs are elasticity and alveolar fluid. When elasticity is missing, the result is Emphysema.
8. Pleural cavity and surfactant aid inspiration. When the pleural cavity is punctured, pneumothorax happens. When there is low surfactant, respiratory distress syndrome happens (usually in infants).
9. Compliance is at its lowest at birth.
10.1) Thin respiratory membrane
2) Large surfactant area
3) Narrow capillaries in lung
4) Shape of red blood cells
5) Controlled relationship between ventilation and capillary blood flow.
6) Functional residual capacity of alveoli
11. Alveolar fluid, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane of alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary endolthelium, capillary endothelium.
12. Pneumonia is infection of the lungs. It causes the tissues to not get enough oxygen because of fluid-filled alveoli.
13.a. pulmonary vein
b. right before leaving the lungs
c. in the pulmonary vein
14. At 70mmHg, oxygen is diffusing into the tissues. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is most likely 49mmHg.
15. In Hering-Breuer reflex, deep inhilation triggers receptors in the bronchioles, which send messages to the medulla, which then trigger a reaction to stop inhilation.
16. The pons and the medulla control breathing muscles.
17. The body does not monitor oxygen levels; it monitors carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood.
18. The rate and depth of ventilation will also increase with the increase of pH.
19. Glycolysis: 2 ATP; oxidation of pyruvate: 2 CO2; Krebs cycle: 4 CO2, 2 ATP; electron transport system: 6 H20, 32 ATP. 36 ATPs are made from one glucose molecule.
20.a. 2 ADP
b. 2 NADH
c. 4 ATP
d. 2 pyruvate
e. 2 CO2
f. 2 NADH
g. 2 acetyl co-A
h. oxalocetic acid
i. 6 NAD+
j. 2 FADH
k. 2 ATP
l. 4 CO2
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