Study guide for Module 15 - in part

1.a. Retroperintoneal - Behind the parietal pertoneum.
b. Erythropoiesis - The production of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
c. Filtrate - Blood plasma without proteins, found in the nephrons of the kidneys.
d. Renal blood flow rate - The rate at which blood flows throught the kidneys (1 liter/min).
e. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration (125mL/min).
f. Tubular miximum - The maximum rate of reabsoption by active transport through the nephron tubules.
g. Buffer system - A mixture of an acid and a base which resists changes in pH.
2.a. kidneys
b. ureters
c. bladder
d. urethra
e. renal artery
f. renal vein
g. renal pelvis
h. renal pyramid
i. medulla
j. cortex
k. renal column
l. renal capsule
m. minor calyx
3. The bladder contains strtified squamous epithelium.
4. The medulla (i.) has the greater concentration of solutes. Normal interstitial fluid is concentrated 300 mOsm/kg, while in the medulla is 1200 mOsm/kg.
5. 1) Urine formation
2) Waste removal from blood
3) pH control of blood
4) Stimulates erythropoiesis
5) Activates vitamin D
6) Transport of urine
7) Storage and releas of urine
6. The desk drawer analogy: dump everything out onto a newspaper and put back only what is necessary. Filtration is like dumping everything out; reabsorption is like putting back what is necessary, and secretion is like takingout any extra materials that do get back into the drawer.
7.a. renal corpuscle
b. Bowman's capsule
c. glomerulus
d. descending limb
e. loop of Henle
f. ascending limb
g. proximal tube
i. cortex
j. medulla
k. collecting duct
8. The proximal tube is always permeable to water. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is never permeable to water, and the distal tube and collecting duct vary their permeability based on the levels of ADH.
9. Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, water reabsorption. The last two could be grouped together.
10. Blood plasma (filtrate) makes it through the filtration membrane, while proteins do not.
11. Filtration membrane is highly permeable, and the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries is very high.
12. High GCP is caused by the afferent arteriole being larger than the efferent arteriole, so that the backup of blood creates higher pressure. The factors which fight against GCP are 1) the Bowman's capsule pushing back against the glomerulus (capsular pressure); 2) osmosis (colloid osmotic pressure). Kidney function stops if the GCP gets lower than the other two factors.