1. Define the following terms:
a. Exocrine glands - Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct.
b. Endocrine glands - Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
c. Merocrine glands - Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material.
d. Apocrine glands - Exocrine glands that have cytoplasm in their secretions.
e. Holocrine glands - Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells.
f. Extracellular matrix - The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells.
g. Fibroblasts - Spindle-shaped cells that form connective tissue proper.
h. Chondrocytes - Mature cartilage cells.
i. Stromal cells - Cells that provide structure or support for parenchymal cells.
j. Parenchymal cells - Cells that provide the actual function of the tissue.
k. Labile cells - Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly.
l. Stable cells - Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the need arises.
m. Permanent cells - Cells that cannot undergo mitosis.
2. The four basic types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
3. The number of layers of cells and the height of the cells determine the distance from the free surface to the basal surface in epithelial tissue.
4. The basement membrane is the glue secreted by epithelial cells used to attach the basal surface to the tissue beneath it.
5. The basement membrane is avascular. In order to get oxygen and nutrients, the basement membrane receives them by diffusion from the vessels of the tissue next to it.
6.
a. Simple squamous epithelium
Function: allows for diffusion.
Found in air sacs of lungs.
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
Function: diffusion, secretion, and absorption.
Found in the kidneys.
c. Simple columnar epithelium
Function: performs more complex absorption and secretion tasks.
Lines the stomach and intestines.
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
Function: forms a barrier
Forms the top layer of skin.
e. Stratified transitional epithelium
Function: ability to stretch.
Found in the urinary bladder.
f. Pseudostratified epithelium
Function: keeps lungs clean
Found in the airway of lungs.
7. Merocrine glands have no cytoplasm in their secretion.
8. The four types of connective tissue: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
9. Collagen is found in all connective tissue proper.
10. a. Loose connective tissue
Function: light-duty bind
Found under the skin
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
Function: Strength in all directions
Found in lower layer of skin, which is called the dermis.
c. Dense regular connective tissue
Function: provides strength
Makes up tendons and ligaments.
d. Adipose tissue
Function: energy storage and insulation.
Found under the skin.
11. Since the cartilage matrix is firm, a lacuna provides a space for the chondrocyte to live.
12. a. hyaline cartilage
Function: firmness and resiliency
Found in bridge of nose.
b. Fibrocartilage
Function: provides tough binding and resilient support.
Found in joints between each vertebra of backbone.
c. Elastic cartilage
Function: provides flexible support
Found in the outer ear.
13. Serous membranes are found around the heart and abdominal organs. They for layers around organs and secrete lubricating fluid into the space between those layers.
Mucous membranes line tubes that open to the outside, providing protection to the body.
Synovial membranes are found in moveable joints, and are used fro lubrication.
14. Once the organ heals, it will be as good as new.
15. Connective tissue cells are stromal.
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