1. Define the following terms:
a. neurosecretory cells - Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormones rather than neurotransmitters.
b. prostaglandins - Biologically active lipids which produce many effects in the body, including smooth muscle contractions, inflammation, and pain.
2. a. neurocrine system - fast
endocrine system - slow
b. neurocrine system - short
endocrine system - long
c. neurocrine system - muscles and glands
endocrine system - all cells in the body
d. neurocrine system - fixed signal
endocrine system - varied signals
e. neurocrine system - can usually never be repaired
endocrine system - can be repaired
3. If the hormone is fat soluble, it will need a carrier protein.
4. Hormones can be eliminated as urine through the kidneys, or as feces by the liver.
5. Identify the following glands:
a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary gland
c. thyroid gland
d. adrenal glands
e. ovaries
f. pineal body
g. parthyroids
h. thymus
i. pancreas
j. testes
6. HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Growth hormone release hormone (GH-RH) - stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone.
2. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) - stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH.
3. Gonaditropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - increases anterior pituitary gland's secretion of FSH and LH.
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TSH-RH) - stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH.
5. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) - reduces amount of PRL secreted by anterior pituitayr.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
1. Growth hormone (GH) - stimulates growth in most tissue
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - increases secretion of thyroxine
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - increases cortisol from adrenal glands
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates ovaries and testes
5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates ovaries and testes
6. Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production in breasts
7. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - increases synthesis of melanin
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
1. Antidiuretic hormone (AH) - increases water retained in blood during kidney function
2. Oxytocin (OT) - increases contractions of uterus and promotes release of breast milk
THYROID
1. Thyroxine (TH) - increases metabolism rate of cells
2. Calcitonin - lowers activity of osteoclasts
PARATHYROID
1. Parathyorid Hormone (PTH) - stimulates osteoclast activity to raise blood level
ADRENAL MEDULLA
1. Epinephrine - Increases response of the sympathetic division
2. Nonepinephrine - increases response of the sympathetic division
ADRENAL CORTEX
1. Cortisol - increases breakdown of protien and fat in most tissue
2. Aldosterone - stimulates kidneys to retain sodium in urine
PANCREAS
1. Insulin - lowers blood glucose by stimulating cells
2. Glucagon - stimulates liver to release glucose
OVARIES
1. Estrogen - sex hormone in females
2. Progesterone - sex hormone in females
TESTES
Testosterone - sex hormone in males
PINEAL BODY
1. Melatonin - affects release of GnRH by hypothalamus
THYMUS
1. Thymosin -develops immune functions
7. The three basic types of hormones are amine, steroid, and protein/peptide. The protein /peptide hormones stimulate membrane-bound receptors only. Steroid hormones stimulate intracellular receptors only. Amine hormones stimulate both.
8. a. Nonhormonal regulation - A chemical other than an hormone is involved in stimulating or inhibiting the release of a hormone.
b. Direct neural control - The nervous system can control an endocrine gland by the release of a neurotransmitter or a neurohormone.
c. Hormonal control - One gland will release a hormone which stimulates another gland to release a hormone.
9. This is cyclic secretion.
10. This is an intracellular receptor.
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