1. Define the following terms:
a. Lymph tissue - Groups of lymphocytes and other cells which support the lymphocytes.
b. Lymph nodes - Encapsulated masses of lymph tissue found along lymph vessels.
c. Lymph - Watery liquid formed from interstitial fluid.
d. Edema - A build-up of excess tissue in the fluids, which can lead to swelling.
e. Immunological defense - The process by which the body protects itself from pathenogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and foreign substances.
f. Lymph nodules - Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures.
g. Diffuse lymphatic tissue - Concentrations of lymphatic tissue with no clear boundaries.
h. Innate immunity - An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered.
i. Acquired immunity - An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin.
j. Complement - A series of 20 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They 1) lyse bacteria, 2) promote phagocytosis, and 3) promote inflammation.
k. Interferon - Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to produce virus-fighting substances.
l. Pyrogens - Chemicals which promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus.
m. Humoral immunity - Immunity which comes from antibodies in blood plasma.
n. Cell-mediated immunity - Immunity which comes from the actions of T-lymphocytes.
2. Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it enters the lymph vessel.
3. Interstitial fluid enters the lymph vessels through pores in the lymph capillaries. The lymph flows through the vessel by the contraction of the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, as well as the pressure changes of the thoracic region.
4. The basic functions of the lymphatic system are 1) fluid balance, 2) fat absorption, and 3) immunological defense.
5. Lymph is not the same throughout the entire lymphatic system. near the small intestine, lymph vessels absorb fat, taking on a milky-white color, becoming chyme.
6. Tonsils are groups of lymph nodules under the mucus membrane in the throat or on the back of the tongue.
7. Peyer’s patches are groups of lymphocytes in lymph nodules, located in the small intestine.
8. Afferent lymph vessels carry the lymph into the lymph node. Efferent lymph vessels carry the lymph away from the lymph node. There are usually more afferent lymph vessels than efferent lymph vessels.
9. The basic functions of a lymph node are 1) testing the lymph for foreign invaders, 2) producing lymphocytes to destroy foreign invaders, and 3) filter the lymph.
10. Three functions of the spleen are 1) filters the blood, 2) cleans out worn-out erythrocytes, and 3) serves as reservoir to oxygen-rich blood.
11. The functions of the thymus gland are 1) promotes maturation of T-lymphocytes, and 2) secretes thymosin.
12. Innate immunity: skin, mucus, urine, vasodilation, interferon, and natural killer cells.
Acquired immunity: T-cells, B-cells, and antibodies.
13. Identify the structures of a lymph node:
a. one-way valve
b. afferent lymph vessels
c. germinal center
d. lymph nodules
e. capsule
f. trabeculae
g. efferent lymph vessel
h. reticular fibers
14. a. skin: barrier against infection
b. sweat glands : washes skin and lowers pH.
c. sebaceous glands: secrete antibacterial substances.
d. mucus: traps foreign invaders.
e. gastric juice: kills pathogens
f. tears: lysozyme breaks down bacteria
g. urine: washes out urinary tract
h. symbiotic organisms: squeeze out populations of pathogenic bacteria and secrete lactic acid.
i. complement: kills bacteria.
j. interferon: stimulates other cells to fight viruses.
k. neutrophils and monocytes: engulf foreign substances
l. basophils: promote inflammation
m. eosinophils: reduce inflammation
n. vasodilation: increases blood flow and allows monocytes easier access to tissues.
o. pyrogens: affect hypothalamus and increase body temperature.
15. Antibodies are shaped like the letter “Y”.
16. The constant region determines what group the antibody belongs in.
17. 5 ways antibodies fight antigens:
a. Bind directly to the antigen
b. Bind the antigens together in groups
c. Activate complement
d. Stimulate phagocytosis
e. Stimulate inflammation.
18. Plasma B-cells release antibodies. Memory B-cells remember the infection so they can attack it again. Memory B-cells live the longest.
19. A collection of proteins make up the MHC which is unique to each cell.
20. Cytotoxic T-cells recognize and destroy foreign cells. Memory T-cells remember the infection, and helper T-cells stimulate proliferation of B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.
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