1. Define the following terms:
a. Spermatogenesis - The process by which sperm form in the teste.
b. Erection - The enlarged, firm state of the penis which results as the erectile tissues fill with blood.
c. Coitus - Sexual intercourse (the process in which the erect penis enters the vagina).
d. Emission - The movement of the male reproductive secretions towards the urethra.
e. Ejaculation - The movement of sperm out of the urethra.
f. Semen - A milky-white mixture of sperm and the secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, the bulbourethral glands.
g. Secondary sex characteristics - The characteristics which appear at puberty and tend to distinguish men from women. These include the development of breasts, hairline patterns, facial shape, body shape, and distribution of body hair.
h. Puberty - A series of events which transforms a child into a sexually mature adult.
i. Anabolism - All of the synthesis reactions which occur in the body.
j. Catabolism - All of the decomposition reactions which occur in the body.
k. Oogenesis - The production of haploid germ cells by the ovary.
l. Ovulation - The release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle.
m. Lactation - The process by which a female mammal produces and secretes milk to feed her young.
n. Menopause - The last menstruation; the time of life after which a woman no longer ovulates.
o. Menses - Periodic shedding of the uterine endometrium which results in blood loss from the vagina.
p. Implantation - Attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium.
q. Organogenesis - The formation of organs in a developing fetus.
2. Identify the following organs:
a. vas deferens
b. erectile tissue
c. penis
d. glans penis
e. foreskin (prepuce)
f. seminal vesicle
g. prostate gland
h. bulbourethral gland
i.
j. epididymis
k. testis
l. ovary
m. uterus
n. cervix
o. clitoris
p. vagina
3. Path of a sperm cell from formation to fertilization:
testis, epididymis, vas deferens, male urethra, vagina, uterus, and uterine tube.
4. The testes must drop into the scrotum because they must stay at a lower temperature than the body.
5. List the number of chromosomes in each cell:
a. spermatogonia - 46 chromosomes
b. primary spermatocytes - 46 chromosomes
c. secondary spermatocytes - 23 chromosomes
d. spermatids - 23 chromosomes
e. sperm - 23 chromosomes
f. primary oocyte - 46 chromosomes
g. secondary oocyte - 23 chromosomes
h. zygote - 46 chromosomes
6. Sertoli cells from a blood testes barrier around the developing sperm, preventing antigens from attacking the body's lymphatic system. Leydig cells secrete testosterone.
7. In men, FSH principally affects Sertoli cells, while LH affects Leydig cells.
8. Four sperm can be formed from one primary spermatocyte. Only one egg can be form from an oogonium.
9. Men do not have a set limit on the amount of sperm they can produce. Women are limited to the umber of primary oocytes they were born with.
10. The woman is experiencing the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle. She has not ovulated yet.
11. The endometrium is thickening and she is in the luteal stage.
12. If fertilization does not occur, the endometrium is sloughed off, because the corpus luteum degenerates, which causes a decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
13. Fraternal twins are formed by two eggs being fertilized during the same cycle. Identical twins are formed when the cells separate during cleavage, developing two embryos.
14. The sperm of the father determines the sex of the child, since he has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, and the Mother has two X chromosomes. If the X sperm fertilizes the egg, the child will be a girl, and if the Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the child will be a boy.
15. Describe each stage:
a. zygote - single diploid cell resulting from fertilization.
b. cleavage - reproduction of the zygote by mitosis
c. morula - the developing cells from a rough sphere
d. blastula - forms a fluid-filled cavity
e. gastrula - inner cell mass changes shape, cells differentiate into germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
f. neurula - nervous system begins to form.
16. The embryo implants into the uterus during the blastula stage.
17. Trophoblasts from the placenta.
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