a. Retroperitoneal - Behind the parietal peritoneum.
b. Erythropoiesis - The production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
c. Filtrate - Blood plasma without proteins, found in the nephrons of the kidneys.
d. Renal blood flow rate - The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys (1 liter/min).
e. Glomerular filtration rate - The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration (125 mL/min)
f. Tubular maximum (T-max) - The maximum rate of reabsorption by active transport through the nephron tubules.
g. Buffer system - A mixture of an acid and a base which resists changes in pH.
2. Identify the structures:
a. kidneys
b. ureter
c. urinary bladder
d. urethra
e. renal artery
f. renal vein
g. renal pelvis
h. renal pyramid
i. medulla
j. cortex
k. renal column
l. renal capsule
m. minor calyx
3. The urinary bladder contains stratified transitional epithelium.
4. The medulla has a higher concentration of solutes in the interstitial fluid. The solutes get 4 times more concentrated than normal interstitial fluid.
5. The seven functions of the urinary system:
a. urine formation
b. pH control
c. blood pressure regulation
d. stimulation of erythropoiesis
e. vitamin D activation
f. transport of urine
g. storage and release of urine
6. Desk drawer analogy -
In order to clean out a desk drawer, everything is dumped onto the floor. The things that are needed are put back into the drawer. Anything left on the floor is waste. If something is accidentally put back into the drawer, it can be taken back out again.
This is relative to urine formation. The kidneys receive the contents of the blood plasma and put back in everything the blood needs. Anything left is waste. If something gets into the blood that shouldn't, it can be put back into the urine before the process is over.
7. Label the structures:
a. renal corpuscle
b. Bowman's capsule
c. glomerulus
d. descending limb
e. loop of Henle
f. ascending limb
g. proximal tubule
h. distal tubule
i. cortex
j. medulla
k. collecting duct
8. The proximal tubule and the descending limb are always permeable to water. The ascending limb is never permeable to water. The distal tubule and the collecting duct are permeable to water based on the amount of ADH present.
9. The four steps of urine formation are:
a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. secretion
d. water reabsorption
Secretion and water reabsorption could be grouped together.
10. During glomerular filtration, filtrate makes it past the filter and into the nephron. Blood cells and proteins do not.
11. Two factors that assure a high GFR are:
a. The high permeability of the glomerular capillaries
b. The high glomerular capillary pressure.
12. High GCP is due to the fact that the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. The GCP is fought by capsular pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. The difference between these two pressures is 7 mmHg. If the GCP gets lower than 7 mmHg of pressure, glomerular filtration stops, which leads to renal shutdown.
13. In order to be actively reabsorbed, a substance must have an ATP and a carrier. Proteins are an exception to this, needing only an ATP.
14. Water is the main substance that is passively reabsorbed. Another substance that is passively reabsorbed urea.
15. If the T-max is high, there will be very little of that substance in the urine.
16. When a substance is secreted by the nephron, its concentration in the blood decreases.
17. a. Concentration is about the same.
b. Concentration of solutes in filtrate is higher than blood plasma.
c. Concentration of solutes in filtrate is higher than blood plasma
d. Concentration of solutes in blood plasma is higher than filtrate
e. Concentration of solutes in blood plasma is higher than filtrate
18. The internally urinary sphincter is controlled automatically by the parasympathetic division of the ANS. The external urinary sphincter is controlled consciously.
19. The juxtaglomerular cells sense and correct large changes in blood pressure and sodium levels.
20. Aldosterone is the hormone stimulated by the secretion of juxtaglomerular cells.
21. The atrial natriuretic hormone decreases blood pressure and sodium levels in the blood.
22. When blood pH drops below 7.35, it is called acidosis. When the pH rises above 7.45, it is called alkalosis.
23. In the bicarbonate buffer, carbonic acid reacts to a base. In the phosphate buffer, dihydrogen phosphate will react.
24. The three regulation processes which control blood pH are 1. the buffer systems, 2. ventilation rate and depth, and 3. secretion of H+ in the kidneys.
25. pH control processes from slowest to fastest are 1. secretion of H+ in the kidneys, 2. ventilation rate and depth, and 3. buffer systems.